Why in the world do we need derivative :: essays research papers

Why in the World we Need DerivativesMany years ago humans discovered that with the use of mathematical calculations many things mickle be calculated in the world and even the universe. Mathematics consists of many different operations. The most important that is used by mathematicians, scientists and engineers is the derivative. Derivatives can help make calculations of anything with regard to an opposite event or thing. Derivatives are mostly common when used with respect to time. This is a very important tool in this revolutionary world. With derivatives we can calculate the rate of change of anything with respect to time. This way we can accept a sort of knowledge of upcoming events, and the different behaviors events can present. For model the state growth can be estimated applying derivatives. Not only population growth, but for example when dealing with plagues in that location can be certain control. An other example can be with diseases, taking all this events together a conclusion can be made.The population of the world is growing extremely fast. Eventually there is going to be overpopulation and resources are going to run out if something is not done. We know earth is overpopulated and that a control over population can be made or at least something can be done so there is not a catastrophe. Population growth can be determined using exponentials which directly relate to derivatives. This is a tool that can be very helpful for anthropologist and sociologists in the world (which have nothing to do with mathematics). Not only to know population numbers in ten or twenty years but to have control over other things. For example will there be enough food for five cardinal people in the world, will there be enough mineral supply for five billion people in the world or will there be enough fuel supply for five billion people in the world. Many of those types of investigations can be determined with the application of derivatives. The world population i s growing extremely fast, and our natural resources are been consumed even faster, this theatre of operations using exponentials and its graphs gives us an idea of what must be done to prevent a disaster. Around this fact of overpopulation and running out of natural resources many things have been created. Indirectly derivatives have caused all this and in some way it is very useful and important. For example birth control methods are a consequence of this.

Building a Portfolio for Retirement Essay -- Economics

Building a Portfolio for Retirement According to a survey conducted by the Savings Education Council last year, 24% of all workers were not convinced(p) that they were prepared to retire comfortably. Upon retirement we would like to maintain a certain level of income and lifestyle such as that established in the prime of our earning career. through proper planning this goal can be achieved. I am going to establish the need for investments/ savings through the life-cycle model of consumption. I get out then walk through standard retirement plans showing that additional funding allow for likely be needed for the upper-middle class, leading to stock and hold fast investments, risk tolerance of an individual investor, how that affects diversity and rates of return. On clean Americans save approximately 5% of their earnings. This is the lowest among industrialized countries Japan saves on average 24%, they are the highest savers. The US saves so little in part because of the availability and ease of credit, the financial system as well as an hard-hitting Social Security system. However, the US is changing, to depend on todays Social Security for tomorrow alone is a risky venture to opine the least. Throughout ones career their earning levels will fluctuate the highest level of earnings is most likely achieved around middle age or mid-career. It is at this time most Americans begin to think about retirement and savings. The life-cycle model of consumption indicates that we desire a constant level of consumption throughout our lifetime. We, therefore, will go into debt when we are young, repaying the debt and begin saving in middle age, and dissave in retirement. While I personally believe that savin... ...o fund banks in the big scenery of money. My 95-year-old Grandfather has successfully funded his retirement through CDs, a pension, and Social Security. To this day he still invest in CDs and his net worth is six figures. In large, most investors do not want to do the research in selecting stocks, bonds, and money market accounts for their portfolio themselves at the prime of their career they may not grant the time either. A managed fund is an appealing option. A managed fund may cost slightly to a greater extent, there are management fees involved, typically not more than 2%. Picking a fund lessens the workload, pick a well know fund such as Janis, Fidelity, USAA, Templeton, Putnam, etc. If you have the money, pay soulfulness an investment fund manager who will take into account who you are. The name on the fund you choose is not so important as they shell of fund you choose.

Replacement of the Book with Computers Essay -- Reading Electronic Tex

The Book Is Dead Long Live the BookThe book, so post-structuralists critics have a bun in the oven long been assuring us, just isnt what it used tobeor, to be more accurate, what we used to think it was. Its no longer a discrete entity, a exact world unto itself wedged between two covers, a piece of discuss that speaks to us witha unified voice, the work of an individual author. Instead, as critical discourse by the likes ofBarthes (1979) and Derrida (1974) have informed us, the contents of one book or article arinextricably linked to dozens, even hundreds or thousands, of others, and its contents, in turn,are absorbed by other texts. Texts refer to other texts endlessly our awareness of the laboursPage 2of our predecessors battling with the written word gives rise to writing that is a big(p) andcomplex weave of references and allusions which lead Barthes in From Work to Text (1979)to characterise individual works as networks linked by paths, a web of texts which was effectively authorless.The striking similarities between hypertext and the Text as described by post-structuralist critics accounts, in part, for the magnitude and scope of the hype that hasaccompanied its debut as a workable medium of information. Mention hypertext to a colleague oracquaintance today, and the chances are he or she will certainly have heard of iteven if trulyfew people have actually seen any examples of it. Put simply, hypertext is information (usuallytext, but also graphics, video, and audio clips) that is mediated by a computer, generally carve up into chunks of information connected by computer links. Readers can work their waythrough texts in a variety of different orders, sometimes following sequences already mapped... ... When Freedom of Choice Fails Ideology and Action in aSecondary School Hypermedia Project. NAPA Bulletin 12 (1993) 66-72.Barthes, Roland. The Death of the Author. Image, Music, Text. Trans. StephenHeath. New York agglomerate and Wang, 1977 142-149.____ ______. From Work to Text. Textual Strategies Perspectives in Post-StructuralCriticism. Ed. Josu Harari. Ithaca Cornell University Press, 1979 73-82.Crane, Gregory. Composing Culture The Authority of an Electronic Text. CurrentAnthropology 32.3 (1991) 293-311.Derrida, Jacques. Of Grammatology. Trans. Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak. Baltimore JohnsHopkins University Press, 1976.Edward, Deborah M. and Lynda Hardman. Lost in Hyperspace Cognitive Mapping andNavigation in a Hypertext Environment. In Hypertext Theory into Practice. Ed.Ray McAleese. Oxford Intellect Books, 1990 105-125.

‘Gilmore Girls’ TV Show Getting Back :: Gilmore Girls Television TV Essays

Gilmore Girls TV Show Getting Back Once a dangerous generate loses its way, can it ever truly regain it? As I read that first sentence, I wondered what they were talking about, I didnt k straight that one of my favourite interprets Gilmore Girls, wasnt doing too good. As I read on, I saw that there argon many daytime shows not doing as good as they used to. The West Wing is doing better than it was the past couple of tempers but its not as good as it was when it first came out. The writer compares crying because the show was so good when it first came out, to crying now because its not as good as it used to be and viewer miss that. As picture shows run through the years, they change, obviously the plots have to change as the characters change and the years go by. The author starts the article by introducing other television shows that are also having trouble with making their plots interesting enough so that their audience keeps watching. The author explains that although the shows are still good, they are not as good as they used to be and that they could use a little something to improve the shows. Although he doesnt specify what the shows need, he does say that a down season for The Sopranos is still better than almost anything else on TV. The author used pathos by showing his emotions to how different shows are doing. At the end of the article, he says that his descent with the Gilmore Girls is by no means over-good TV relationships are too hard to come by for that. In other words, just because the series was doing bad and now that it is finally getting better, doesnt mean he should just stop watching the show, the fact that the show is getting better, should tell any person that its worth watching again. Some background on the characters and the show will help you understand what the article is really saying. Gilmore Girls is about a mother, Lorelai , who had her daughter, Rory, when she was sixteen. Lorelais parents are very w ell off, meaning rich, they pay for Rorys schooling and because of that, they make Lorelai and Rory come to their house for dinners on Friday.

Education Starts At Home Essay -- essays research papers

Some parents think that once their children are at school, they buttocks unstrain and let the education system take control. But this is not the case at all. As research shows, parents have an even greater influence on their childrens academic results than the school does. Most of a childs ability to communicate, to relate to teachers and peers and their attitude to learning, is formed from home. Parents can help give their children a head start, by beginning their education at home.Many parents dont realise how they can help their children at home. Things as simple as baking a cake with their children can help them with their education. Measuring out ingredients for a cake is a simple form of maths. Another example of dowery young children with their maths is simply planning a birthday party. They have to decide how many an(prenominal) people to invite, how many invitations they will need, how much the stamps will cost, how many prizes, lolly bags, cups, plates, and balloons ne ed to be bought, and so on. Children often find that real life experiences help them to do their maths more easily.Another way that parents can help their children with their maths, is to give them pocket money. It does not have to be a large amount, and they may have to do chores to earn it. This not only teaches them astir(predicate) the value of money, but they may need to use basic maths to work out how long they will have to save to buy the supernumerary toy that they want. This means that children are developing their money se...

Education Starts At Home Essay -- essays research papers

Some parents think that once their children are at school, they dissolve relax and let the rearing system collide with control. But this is not the case at all. As research shows, parents have an even greater influence on their childrens academic results than the school does. roughly of a childs ability to communicate, to relate to teachers and peers and their attitude to learning, is formed from home. Parents can help give their children a head start, by beginning their education at home.Many parents dont realise how they can help their children at home. Things as simple as baking a cake with their children can help them with their education. Measuring out ingredients for a cake is a simple form of maths. Another example of helping young children with their maths is simply be after a birthday party. They have to decide how many people to invite, how many invitations they will admit, how much the stamps will cost, how many prizes, lolly bags, cups, plates, and balloons need to be bought, and so on. Children often find that real life experiences help them to do their maths more easily.Another way that parents can help their children with their maths, is to give them pocket money. It does not have to be a large amount, and they may have to do chores to earn it. This not only teaches them about the value of money, but they may need to use basic maths to work out how long they will have to save to buy the special toy that they want. This means that children are growing their money se...

Debate: the Other Side and Morning Respected Judges

Thank You Molly Good morning respected judges, my fellow contestants and members of the audience. Today we are indeed honoured and privileged to stand before you and speak against the universal motion that THE GRASS IS ALWAYS GREENER ON THE OTHER SIDE. Hmmmmnot until you see my neighbours garden maybe then you will careen your mind. First of all, what does the grass is always greener on the other side mean?It means that from your perspective, what other people have is always going to look erupt than what you have. Its about being jealous of other peoples things and never being satisfied with who you are and what you have. I think each unmatched of us is guilty of practicing The grass is always greener theory at various times in our lives be it from moving schools, changing careers to pursuing new relationships. It happens virtually often when we are unhappy about some portion of our existence.The problem with following this practice is that once you arrive on the other side, we often bechance that its drought conditions and thithers nothing we can do and its too late to go back. In fact the statement The grass isnt always greener on the other side originated from a story of goats that kept trying to reach the other side of a river and when they got there the grass was all dead and since there was nothing else to eat they all starved to death.This story symbolizes that sometimes you should not try to change your situation or location but instead to employ with what you have. I really like a quote from the song Million Dollar Man by Cutlass that says the grass isnt greener on this l atomic number 53ly side. Meaning, beart sacrifice everything and everyone trying to get a better behavior because youre just going to be stuck wishing for what you had. Things might look sincere somewhere else and you want what others have because you think its better than what you have however that is not necessarily the case all the time.Relationships are one study I am tempted to begin with since it governs a good proportion of our lives. Lets say you spent a good part of your live with a man who you adore and love to bits. You share a lot of experiences together only to be dumped for someone who is prettier and allows him to watch football all day on Sunday. It wont be long before he realises that this person has faults too. She might be cheating on him or cost too ofttimes to maintain (High maintenance). . As time goes on he starts to see the 2nd womans true colours.Shes not as nice and doesnt goody him as good as you did. The 2nd woman is shallow. The man starts to regret leaving you because his adventures are turning into misery. We can in like manner apply this to the thousands of Africans migrating to the west in search of greener pastures. Most of these migrants are professionals understood to have sacrificed decent and respectable jobs back in their respective countries under the illusion that life was going to be plain sailing overseas .For those that have had to stoop low, one can imagine the psychological effect and damage to ones ego, and the humiliation associated with a lowered social status. just about migrants have been forced into career changes, such as cleaning, security personnel, car park attendance, kitchen assistants, carers just to mention a few. Although some might have realised their dreams but the majority have seen their dreams washed away by the day and unfortunately is even harder to go back with all the expectation back home.Hundreds of them also loose their lives in transit. Is the grass really greener on the other side? Finally, Im sure we all agree on the fact that you shouldnt be envious of other people just stick to what you have because its probably much much better and you should be grateful and evaluate it as other people would rather be in your position and would do anything to have your life. I will sign off with few lines from one of my favourite songs As long as you love me Jus tin Bieber the grass aint always greener on the other side, Its green where you water it So I shaft we got issues baby but Id rather work on this with you Than to go ahead and start with someone new meaning even if you have problems in your life it doesnt mean you should want to have someone elses life. You can always work on these problems . do you agree? Well as a team we sure we all do and thats the very reason why we are sticking with BS for a long haul as we believe the grass isnt greener anywhere else. Thank you very much for your kind attention. I rest my case debate speech

David Beckham

Comm 423 The Value of David Beckham Dik Yi Tse (230052113) Ryan Darmasubrata (230055322) The purpose of this paper is to evaluate one of the most phenomenal transfers in the football game world. The transferred of David Beckham from Manchester unify to square capital of Spain has be advance the talk of not nevertheless football fans but the financial expert for the in the end 2 years. contrasted most transfers, the David Beckham transfer has revolutionized undertakeer transfer in the football world. It became the standing point on how football player is not care ford according to their skills on the field but rather on their skills outside the field.The paper will evaluate the ca map, the causalitys and the effect of the transfer based on both technical and financial aspects. In order to evaluate the transfer based on its financial aspect, we will engagement analytical theory of production and argument between firms. pic pic protean monetary value satisfies the follo set aheadg formula pic pic Return function pic C variable cost S unit price of the product K fixed cost ? rate of diffusion r discount rate T du symmetryn of the facility With the formulas above, we try to justify the returns of the football floor shows under different environment.From the calculations, we can moot the change of revenue for the football fellowships between fixed costs at different levels of market size. David Beckham David Beckham is an English footballer, widely regarded as the biggest icon in the sport. He currently plays for Real capital of Spain and he is the captain of England national aggroup. David Beckham is especially noted for the quality of his crossing and the ability to hit free-kicks particularly from long-range and hesitation corners. He is in addition famed for his celebrity lifestyle trappings, media attention and marketing potential.Early on in his career Beckham secured a number of moneymaking sponsorship deals including Brylcreem, Adidas, Voda fone (which finish in July 2005) and Diesel. Despite the USAs uneven acceptance of soccer, Beckhams recognition in the USA is strong enough to enable him to appear in print and television publicizing for various sponsors, including Gillette razors. He has become more than well known in North America since the success of the British film Bend It Like Beckham, close to a British Sikh girl who idolizes David Beckham and harbours ambitions of being a football player.David was born on May 2, 1975 in Leytonstone, London to Ted and Sandra Beckham. Davids parents were Manchester unite supporters and he accompanied then to m whatever of the games. He signed for Manchester United as a trainee in July 1991 and he was instrumental in helping the club win the FA younker Cup in May 1992, scoring in the second leg of the final against Crystal Palace. His Premier League debut eventually came at station to Leeds United on April 2, 1995. Partially as a result of injuries to key starters, Davi d established himself in the first squad during the 1995/96 season.Davids learn-winning performances during 1996/97 helped United to win another Premiership title and reach the semi-final of the UEFA Champions League. On a personal level, he was voted Young Player of the category and second in the overall Player of the Year poll. Manchester Uniteds 1997/98 season was one to forget as they finished second to Arsenal in the League, lost to Barnsley in the FA Cup and were knocked out of the Champions League quarter-finals by Monaco. David enjoyed a memorable moment, when he was selected for Englands World Cup Finals squad. Hes been a team member ever since. Beckham captained England for the first ime in a cozy match in Italy and retained the armband for the friendly with Spain and the World Cup qualifiers against Albania and Finland, against whom he scored an important goal at Anfield. Beckham made his 85th appearance for England in 2005 and is expect to captain the team at the 200 6 World Cup in Germany. If so, he would become scarce the sixth England player to represent his country at threesome World Cup competitions (although Sol Campbell and Michael Owen are expected to achieve this feat at the same time), and the fourth (after Billy Wright, Bobby Moore and Bryan Robson) to captain the team at more than one World Cup.Beckham is also a reasonable candidate to record speed of light appearances for his country. He captained his country for a landmark 50th time in the friendly international against Argentina in November 2005. Beckham is one of only four players to have appeared 100 times in the Champions League. The reasons for transfer Manchester United First reason David Beckham only had 2 more years contract with Manchester United and under the Bosman rule, every player can sign another contract with another team in the term of 6 months before his contract expired.Because of the clause of the Bosman transfer rule, any club can get David Beckham signature without representing any give to Manchester United, if David Beckham decide not to sign any new contract within the next one and a half years, Manchester United would lose their biggest asset without acquire any returns. Second reason David Beckham relationship with his manager was in the midst of trouble. David Beckham popularity has divided his concentration between his job on the field and on the runaway.With having nonprogressive method of running a football club, Sir Alex Ferguson, Manager of Manchester United had concern that David Beckham was not performing as best as he should. Hence arguments had arisen in numbers of occasion. Third reason Pepsi and Adidas played a big role in forcing David Beckham to move to Real capital of Spain. For Pepsi, it would be more profitable for them to have David Beckham to play in Real capital of Spain because Real Madrid has three other players that have sponsorship deals with Pepsi. But the biggest influence came from Adidas, which is t he main sponsor to David Beckham.Manchester Untied is sponsored by Nike, Adidas biggest competition in the industry and Real Madrid is sponsored by Adidas, so it would be so much better for Adidas to have David Beckham to play in Real Madrid instead of Manchester United. Fourth reason Manchester United needs more young players in their squad, while the average age of their rosters has reach 30 years old, Manchester United needs to find another potential young player to maintain their reputation, the sale of David Beckham would bring the necessary capital for the investment.Real Madrid Real Madrid is a very successful club with champions reputation at their back, their starting lineup is filled with star players, hence their advantage was also their biggest weakness. With many star players in their team, Real Madrid has a high fixed cost in their operation, but most of their star players are not very commercial. Majority of the players are just big names within the industry or in the European market. Real didnt have any ne 2rk in the Asian and North American market at the time.With football to be the number one sport in Asia, Real Madrid was missing majority of the action. As a result in 2002/03 season, Real Madrid only spotted themselves the 8th on the list of the richest club in the world. Real Madrid needed to find a player who would pioneer their marketing dodging to the whole world. They are not only looking for soulfulness who can bring sponsors to their stadium, and not just a poster boy for the campaign, but also has the skills to show in the field. This is the ultimate reason why Real Madrid was very determined to get Beckham.The effects of David Beckham to Real Madrid Real Madrids revenue from club merchandise, such as shirts, jumped 67 per cent in Beckhams first season alone, and climbed another 6. 5 per cent in the year to June. Overall commercial income, which includes money from deals with the wants of Siemens, Adidas and Pepsi, which have all grown in value with the Beckham effect, now stands at around ? 80m a year. Real Madrid also earned ? 48m (26 per cent of turnover) from match-day income (primarily ticket sales), ? 44m (24 per cent) from television, and ? 6m (8 per cent) from promotional activities such as remunerative overseas tours and friendliness, which have also become better earners because of David Beckham. And whereas Real Madrids annual wage bill (? 98m) now equates to 52 per cent of turnover, and is falling towards an expected ratio of 47 per cent next year. With the financial improvement, Real Madrid is now the richest club in the world, beating Manchester United who won the title 8th square(a) years. 2005 football game clubs revenue ranks1 1 Real Madrid (Spain) $330 millionManchester United was No. 1 when it had David Beckham. Now Real Madrid has him and became No. 1. 2 Manchester United (England) $295 million Slips out of the top spot for the first time in the nine-year history of the rankings. 3 AC Milan (Italy) $280 million Nearly 60 percent, or $ one hundred sixty-five million, of its revenue is from broadcasting more than anyone else. 4 Juventus (Italy) $274 million Averages only 26,600 fans but moves up from No. 5 last year thanks to a lucrative TV contract. 5 Chelsea (England) $264 million Its otherworldly payroll light upons it No. in annual net losses, which reportedly were $244 million. Evaluating the transfer pic In determining the justification for the transfer, we use the analytical theory to prove that even though Real Madrid paid a large sum of transfer fee and obligated to pay a high salary to David Beckham, the acquisition would profit Real Madrid more because the larger market size that David Beckham can surface for Real Madrid. To befool the calculation to be accurate as possible, we had made some assumptions for the numbers used in the calculation.Reader should keep in mind that because Real Madrid is a private organization, it is very hard to find the ac tual data about their current and past financial statements. Nevertheless, we did our best to present the numbers as it would present the actual case scenario. Fixed cost (K), because we do not have the actual numbers for the fixed operation cost from Real Madrid, we use the assumption that fixed cost would be equal to the salary of the players. We know that there are other things that contribute to the clubs fixed cost but for the sake of the formulation we are ignoring that.The fixed cost increased from $98 million to approximately $117 million because of David Beckham. Discount rate (R), according to our research, the closest number that we set for the discount rate during that time in Spain, was the checking account interest rate, provided by the banks in Spain. Hence we use this number as our discount rate. Term of job (T), David Beckham was 28 years old when Real Madrid bought him from Manchester United, using the assumptions that most football players can play until the ag e of 34 years old, we use the aloofness of project to be 6 years.Uncertainty rate (sigma), if Real Madrid did not buy David Beckham, they would have an uncertainty rate of 50%, that is they either stick to or not. With David Beckham on their squad, they have bigger uncertainty because they have to add the possibility that will David Beckham can work together with his teammates and produce something positive for the team or will he have some problems in adjusting to the new Spanish strategy. From the marketing strategy, they would also be concern that if David Beckhams fans would still like him in Real Madrid jersey.The value of product (S), we used the assumption that major football clubs would want to have a success in both the domestic and international competition but as an organization major football clubs also want to bring profit for their business. Because of these factors we concluded that the value of S should be 2 instead of 1. Market size, we use the assumption that Rea l Madrid previous market size which is the European market to be 100 and the new potential market involving the Asian and North American market would be 145.The 45% increase due to that in North America, football is not that popular, North American concourse would prefer to watch and buy basketball, American football, baseball or hockey. For the Asian market, the increase of market size would come from people that buy the merchandise, there is a little chance that they would come to the actual game. Analysis & Conclusion From the calculation, it proved that bringing David Beckham to Real Madrid squad was a positive move. The transfer has solved Real Madrids problem of having high fixed cost and low returns.David Beckham has managed to open the Asian and North American market for Real Madrid to expand, hence now Real Madrid with high fixed cost on their organization can work and do business more efficiently in larger market size environment. With the emerging of internet and globali zation, major sports clubs have tried to improve their business strategy by purchasing international players that can open more potentials market for their business. some other example besides David Beckham is the Chinese International hoops Player, Yao Ming. Yao Ming was purchased by the Houston Rockets Basketball Club in US.With the help of Yao Ming, NBA (National Basketball Association of America) and Houston Rockets have managed to gain substantial market in the Asia. NBA opened merchandise stores all over Asia and has extradition match between American Basketball Club and the Chinese Basketball Clubs. Their website subscriber, www. NBA. com, has increase significantly during the past 2 years. With major website subscriber coming from the Asian market, it is only for certain that the expansion program will continue with other Asian basketball players coming to the NBA.In baseball, The Seattle Mariners imitated the strategy by purchasing a Nipponese National Baseball player, Ic hiro. Ichiro is now a market symbol for the major league of baseball, tourist flow from Japan has increased significantly to Seattle. American baseball has gain more popularity because of Ichiro. Ichiro merchandise is one of the top selling merchandise in the league. The main reason for this trend among major sport clubs is the revenue coming from the selling of merchandise and television broadcast license.With the improve technology and internet, fans in other parts of the world can watch their favorite player and club match through website and live television broadcast. The distance and time factors have been eliminated by the technology, hence potential customer is closer in today time. Another factor for the trend is the sponsorship revenue coming from companies that want to put their brand on the teams jersey. With sponsoring a sport club, major companies can make brand recognition by associating their brand to a specific sport clubs or players.The better the clubs perform, the better publication that the sponsor company will achieve. The last reason is the revenue coming from exhibition games. An exhibition game is when a sport clubs have a friendly match with other sport club from different country. Higher fee has to be paid to attract famous clubs to come to do exhibition match. Today sport industry is not just about winning a game but also about how much money the games will generate for the clubs, the revenue and reputation are the two main factors that influence the livelihood of a sport club.The higher the fixed cost, the more necessary for club to find a player that can open bigger potential market. REFERENCES Chen, J. 2005. The Physical Foundation of Economics An Analytical Thermodynamic Theory. World Scientific, Singapore. http//www. manutd. com/splashPages/red. sps? itype=5787=17492=1 http//www. realmadrid. com/articulo/rma25156. htm http//news. bbc. co. uk/sport2/hi/football/teams/m/man_utd/2965336. stm http//news. bbc. co. uk/sport2/hi/footba ll/teams/m/man_utd/2980958. stm http//www. timesonline. co. k/article/0,,2093-1268730_1,00. html http//www. beckhamwatch. com/beckham. html http//www. theage. com. au/articles/2004/10/05/1096941603889. html? from=storylhs http//www. smh. com. au/articles/2004/10/05/1096871855592. html http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/David_Beckham http//knowledge. wharton. upenn. edu/index. cfm? fa=viewfeature=829 http//soccernet. espn. go. com/news/story? id=335692=4716 http//www. davidbeckham. ws/bio. php http//www. int. iol. co. za/index. php? click_id=4=qw1054905484476S163=6 http//breakingnews. iol. e/sport/iestory. asp? j=534839791980=53483979z57x=534839792669t=soccer http//www. int. iol. co. za/? click_id=4=qw1056027062207B216=6 http//www. hindustantimes. com/news/7242_1246466,00180009. htm http//www. manutd. com/newquadrant/home. sps? itype=9189=1257 http//www. rediff. com/sports/2006/feb/16real. htm 1 Source http//www. deloitte. com/dtt/section_node/0%2C1042%2Csid%25253D70402%2C00. html, ? Z ? ? oeo? O? EAEA ? ? ? ? ? wog? jDeloitte Football Money League 2006.

Muted Group Theory and Walt Disney’s “The Little Mermaid”

When Walt Disney released its adaptation of Hans Christian Andersens The shortsighted Mermaid, it had become a box-office hit. Yet, the movie captured the attention non just of young girls back in the late 1980s, but sociologists and anthropologists as well since the movie became a perfect example of what they had termed as the muted congregation supposition. In this paper, the concept of the muted group theory as proposed by Cheris Kramarae will be discussed as well as supporting evidences seen in lodge in general and in the movie of Walt Disneys The Little Mermaid.Kramaraes Muted Group TheoryAccording to Cheris Kramarae, language is something that was constructed by troops. The volumes and thoughts of wowork force argon ignored in our society. Because of this, it is difficult for women to express their experiences as opposed to men. Kramarae further stated that language does not serve all its speakers in an equal expressive style regardless of the culture because women be not as free as men to say what they want, when they want and where they want. Men have a dominant agree of society and how the members of society should express themselves.As such, different terms are used to describe tasks done by both phallics and females even when they are doing the pack same thing. It is also because of this that most sexual suggestions that are considered degrading are usually referring to women than to men (Anderson & Haddad, 2005 Eckert & McConnell-Ginet, 1992 Epstein, 1986 Griffin, 2003 Prentice, 2005 West, 1983). In order for women to express themselves to others, they must do so as how males express themselves (Epstein, 1986 Griffin, 2003 Rogers. 1978 Stets & Burke, 1996).The concept that women are a muted group was first proposed by Edwin Ardener. Edwin Ardener was an anthropologist who discovered that a group becomes mute due to the deprivation of power that is experienced of a group with a low status. Ardener called the theory the muted group theor y because these muted groups are resemblingn to black holes since they are muffled, over requireed and invisible (Griffin, 2003 Prentice, 2005 Rogers, 1978).Muted Group Theory in Todays SocietyAlthough todays society stresses on equality in the midst of the male and female grammatical genders, various sociologists, linguistics and anthropologists have gathered substantial evidences to show that the muted group theory proposed by both Ardener and Kramarae are settle down evident.In a classroom which is composed by both male and female, female students tend not to speak as confidently as their male classmates. They also speak in class less frequently than males. In events that the females do participate in class, they do not talk as brazen or as candidly as males do.This is because it is the social norm that females should be polite and restrained while the males are assertive and vocal (Anderson & Haddad, 2005 Canada & Pringle, 1995 Epstein, 1986 Walker, Ilardi, McMahon & Fennel, 1996). Because of this norm instilled in women at an early age, women more(prenominal) often avoid confrontations and direct disagreements even after completing their academic degrees (Eckert & McConnell-Ginet, 1992).In the workplace, women tend to be subordinate to men. For example, women in the military are not deployed in combat as often as men. In the academic community, most of the academic departments and schools of knowledge recognize the contributions of men rather than women (Eckert & McConnell-Ginet, 1992 Walker, Ilardi, McMahon & Fennel, 1996). Also, what many would be considered as a powerful speech when used by man will not to be as rough-and-ready if the same speech is delivered by a woman (Eckert & McConnell-Ginet, 1992 Epstein, 1986 West, 1983).In the study of cultures and societies, research would only focus on the information given by male informants and would ignore the information received from female informants since the researchers assumes that women are les s articulate than men, causing anthropologists not being able to understand women. As a result, lodge in in female roles and status had slowly diminished since many researchers view males were more important in society than females (Ardener, 1985 Prentice, 2005 Rogers, 1978).Muted Group Theory in The Little MermaidWhen Kramarae began her research on the muted group theory, she used cartoons as the basis of her study (Griffin, 2003). For this paper, the cartoon that was selected is Walt Disneys adaptation of Hans Christian Andersens The Little Mermaid.This paper will be focusing on one scene in the movie which is that between Ariel, the mermaid who wanted to become a human more than anything in the world, and Ursula, the sea witch. After an argument with her father, Ariel visits Ursula in her lair under the impression that she could be able to give her the very thing her heart want to become human and to be with the human prince Eric.Ursula told her that she is will be able to make her into a human being for three days. In order for her to be able to remain human permanently, she would have to be kissed by the prince as a symbol of his true love for her. If she fails, she would go back to being a mermaid. As payment for this, Ursula demanded Ariel her voice (Clements & Musker, 1989).As previously mentioned, one of the premise of Kramarae on the muted group theory, in order for a woman to be able to express herself, she must do so the mien how men express themselves (Epstein, 1986 Griffin, 2003 Rogers. 1978). This is clearly explained by the character of UrsulaThe men up there dont like a lot of blabber. They think a girl who gossips is a bore. Yes, on land its much preferred for ladies not to say a word and after all, dear, what is idle prattle for? Come on, theyre not all that impressed with conversation. True gentlemen avoid it when they can. But they dote and swoon and fawn on a lady whos withdrawn. Its she who holds her tongue who gets her man (Menken & Ashman, 1989).Here, Ursula had advised Ariel what a human woman should be like. Since Ariel mentioned that she would want to remain human and the only way to get that is for the prince to fall in love with her, the only way for her to do so is to act like a proper human woman would.Indeed, the sure norms in human societies are based on the activities, value and expressions of males. Hence, the means of how women interact with others are considered to be improper (Eckert & McConnell-Ginet, 1992 Stets & Burke, 1996).In the movie, Ariel has been known for her beautiful apprisal voice. This made Ariel more superior than anyone in the kingdom. It was because of her voice that she is not only the favorite of King Triton among his daughters, but also the modestness why in spite of her age, she is sense of smelled up upon by her siblings (Clements & Musker, 1989). Ariels ability to sing can be likened to the way how a woman would express herself in society.The ability for a woman to exp ress herself as a woman would give her a separate identity and thus give her a superiority that may check that of a man, or even surpass it. Furthermore, her ability to save Erics life during the storm shows how a woman could be able to surpass the capabilities of a man given the opportunity.By stripping her of her ability to sing, Ariel is also stripped of the very thing that would set her apart from everyone else, her ability to sing. This is the very thing reason why women are considered a muted group by many sociologists and anthropologists. The act of a man listening to a woman would mean that the man would be denouncing their dominant position in society because men view discussions initiated by women as not to have any importance (Dras, 1986 Epstein, 1986 Griffin, 2003).For this reason, cultural plaque had prejudged and excluded art, poetry, plays and films created by women (Ardener, 1985 Epstein, 1986 Griffin, 2003) since it is a way for women to express themselves through various forms. Also, since she had been used to swimming, being given legs made her vulnerable since she is not able to do things on her own. As such, the roles of Eric and Ariel have become reverse with Ariel becoming dependent to Eric to teach her how to walk, showing his dominance over her.ConclusionInitially, the muted group theory would get on to be sexist in nature since it puts females at a disadvantage in society. Given the premises proposed by both Ardener and Kramarae, however, the muted group theory sheds light on the reason why society even today still refers to women as the inferior sex. The muted group theory had proposed that the gender disparity experienced in society particularly in how women express themselves lies on the fact that society is a patriarchal society, meaning that societys norms and values are based on the norms and values of the male gender. Movies such as Walt Disneys The Little Mermaid have shown that in spite of the ability of the female gender to express itself, society prohibits them to do so.ReferencesAnderson, D. M. & Haddad, C. J. (March 2005). Gender, voice, and learning in online courseenvironment. Journal of asynchronous learning networks, 9(1), 3-14.Ardener, S. (October 1985). The social anthropology of women and feminist anthropology.Anthropology today, 1(5), 24-26.Canada, K & Pringle, R. (July 1995). The role of gender in college classroom interactions asocial context approach. Sociology of education, 68(3), 161-186.Clements, R. & Musker, J. (Directors). (1989). Walt Disneys the little mermaid Motionpicture. United States Walt Disney Pictures.Drass, K. A. (December 1986). The effect of gender identity on conversation. Social psychology quarterly, 49(4), 294-301.Eckert, P. & McConnell-Ginet, S. (1992). Think practically and look locally language andgender as community-based practice. Annual review of anthropology, 21, 461-490.Epstein, C. F. (Winter 1986). Symbolic segregation similarities and differences in thel anguage and non-verbal communication of women and men. Sociological forum, 1(1), 27-49.Griffin, E. (2003). A first look at communication theory, 5th Ed. New York McGraw-Hill.Menken, A. & Ashman, H. (1989). Poor Unfortunate Souls Recorded by Pat Carroll. OnWalt Disneys the little mermaid an original walt disney records soundtrack. California Walt Disney Records.Prentice, C. (2005). Third party candidates in political debates muted groups struggling toexpress themselves. Speaker and gavel, 42, 1-12.Rogers, S. C. (January 1978). Womans place a critical review of anthropological theory.Comparative studies in society and history, 20(1), 123-162.Stets, J. E. & Burke, P. J. (September 1996). Gender, control, and interaction. Socialpsychology quarterly, 59(3), 193-220.Walker, H. A., Ilardi, B. C., McMahon, A. M. & Fennell, M. L. (September 1996). Gender,Interaction and Leadership. Social psychology

The simultaneous leadership in social science

Understanding the scope of medicate use and addiction in the manhood includes knowing the prevalence among various populations and researching the many health and social consequences. The United States is both the largest producer of drug research in the world and the worlds only drug-control superpower.The simultaneous leadership in social science and world agenda setting is not the result of a symbiotic blood between American research and policy making.During adolescence, friends and fellows be drive far much influential than before, and intimate dating relationships become primary interests (Laursen & Williams, 1997).Along with these important developmental changes, however, come profitd lay on the lines of pregnancy, familiarly transmitted disease, and abuse by and toward dating partners (Leaper & Anderson, 1997).As well, alcoholic beverage and drug use and abuse enters the picture, which may contribute to the occurrence of the other danger behaviors (Milgram, 1993 Natio nal Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse, 1999). Although some of these developments are harmless, there is a growing awareness of the importance of education and prevention to increase teens personal safety and responsibility.Not surprisingly, prominent adolescent venture behaviors are alcohol and drug abuse, unsafe sexual behavior, and dating violence-share many of the same contributing risk factors, although to important and differing degrees.These include problems related to the family, such as family conflict and violence, poor relationship attachment, early and persistent behavior problems, as well as peer and academic problems, such as school failure, peer rejection, and exposure to community violence. In addition to the above, teen pregnancy, early sexual intercourse, and fantastic sexual behaviors are associated with early onset of puberty, truancy, and delinquency (Kilpatrick, Acierno, Saunders, Resnick, & Best, 2000).In the absence of compensatory factors, such as e ducation and social competence, these varied risk factors can contribute to or become risk behaviors (e.g., alcohol use is associated with teen pregnancy and violence).Common ElementsA common family element found among teens who engage in these high risk behaviors is the amount of time spent without proper adult involvement or supervision (Dishion, Capaldi, Spracklen, & Li, 2005).Not surprisingly, children who grow up in caring and supportive homes are more(prenominal) likely to resist risky behaviors, while children who have grown up witnessing or experiencing alcohol abuse or violence in their homes, having poor family structure and insecure attachment-related experiences are more likely to be less resistant to these same risky, unhealthy behaviors.A description of the age, gender, and ethnic identities of youth who engage in high risk behavior is provided by the Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance, which tracks data regarding many health risk behaviors for adolescents in the Unite d States.According to this data, black youth, for example, root word significantly higher rates of sexual intercourse before age 13 than do Whites and Hispanics, while White youth report the highest levels of forced sexual intercourse. Black youth also report less alcohol consumption at last sexual intercourse and higher condom use than do White and Hispanic youth.Not surprisingly, males report more alcohol use before the age of 13 than females, across all ethnic groups (YRBSS). However, these data on prevalence of self-reported adolescent risk behaviors is descriptive only, and tells petty about the contextual factors contributing to such risk.While looking closer at some of the factors that may contribute to the mentioned risk behaviors, the one can see that alcohol use among teenagers remains prevalent in todays society. A national probability sample of 4,023 adolescents between the ages of 12 and 17 found that 15% of the sample utilize alcohol, 10% used marijuana, and 2% repo rted hard drug use in the past year (Kilpatrick et al. 2000).Although some alcohol consumption among adolescents is considered normative, there is broad concern for the number of teens who are exhibiting signs of alcohol abuse or dependence with 7% of the above sample meeting diagnostic criteria for alcohol, marijuana, or hard drug abuse or dependence.Trends in alcohol use reported in the Youth Risk Behavior Survey indicate that binge drinking (five or more drinks on one occasion during the 30 days prior to the survey) has shown little variation over the past several years, ranging from 31.3% in 1991 to 33.4% in 1997 to 31.5% in 1999 (Centers for Disease Control, 2000). Binge drinking continues to be a problem among youth and needs to be targeted specifically.

The Definition of Family in the Constitution

term 41 of the composition recognises the Family as the natural primary and wakeless unit group of Society, and as a moral institution possessing certain inalienable and imprescriptible decentlys which are antecedent and superior to all absolute police. The enjoin guarantees to protect the Family in its constitution and authority as the necessary basis of neighborly order and as indispensable to the wel outlying(prenominal)e of the Nation and the State1. term 41 of Bunreacht na hEireann contains the main provisions relating to the family. It is generally considered that Articles 41 and 42 were heavily influenced by Roman Catholic teaching.They were clearly drafted with wizard family in mind, namely the family based on marriage. 2. Since 1937 when the constitution was drafted there has been major social miscellaneas such as, changing attitudes to sexual behaviour, contraceptive use, social acceptance of pre marital relations, cohabitation and oneness parenthood, social a cceptance of divorce, just to name a few. These social changes which would not have readily existed in 1937 have not been adapted to in the Constitution in Article 41/42 concerning the family.Simply put the definition of family in the constitution is old fashioned. I am of the opinion that an amendment to The Family- namely Article 41 is required. I base my argument on 3 main reasons 1) More types of family should be recognised, not just that of a marital family. 2) The definition of family should be changed to include expressed rights of a boor incorporated into Article 41 and the rights of a child not just fall under that of the family 3) The wording of the rights of the family to change to allow for more resign intervention.Though the family is not defined in the constitution the Supreme Court held that the family is based on marriage State(Nicolaou) v An Bord Uchtala3 Walsh J the family referred to on Article 41. 3. 1 is the family which founded on the institution of marria ge, on which the family is founded on the institution of marriage and, in the context of the Article, marriage means valid marriage under the laws for the measure being in force in the state. Article 41. 3. 4 states The State pledges itself to guard with special care the institution of marriage, on which the family is founded, and to protect against attack . From this definition it appears that a non-marital family would not be protected by the State against attack. In my opinion this provision should be amended to conform to the social change that I have antecedently mentioned as a family in current times is no longer just a marital family. The law must, as far possible mirror contemporary civilization and as that changes so must the law.If the law becomes too rigid and inflexible, so there is always the danger that it bequeath conflict with the call fors of the people, with all the unfortunate consequences to which conflict may arise.. during the dynamic periods of History .. for it becomes essential for the legal system to adjust itself to the novel conditions of social life5 As a general rule most rights and obligations flowing from family law legislation are restrict to families based on marriage.There are few contexts where non marital relationships are recognised such as domestic violence6 and wrongful death7. The European Court of valet de chambre Rights have taken broader approach and so Ireland and has been deemed to protect inter alia the family life of non-marital parents and their children. It is likely that the failure to recognise the rights, and indeed the duties, of the fractions of non-marital families may constitute a breach of Art.8 of the European Convention of Human rights, which requires that the State respect the family life of all persons. iven that the convention is now part of domestic law it is only a matter of time before Irish Law is found to be in breach8 The European Court of Human Rights(ECHR) broader approach to the d efinition of a family can be seen in Mouta v Portugal9. In this case the ECHR recognised a homosexual man and his child as a family which wouldnt be recognised under the Irish Constitution. Da sylva was previously married and had a daughter in this relationship and divorced 3 years later. .The applicant (Da Silva) sought an order giving him maternal(p) province for the child.The Lisbon Family Affairs Court awarded Da Silva maternal(p) responsibility. His ex-wife appealed against the Family Affairs Courts judgment to the Lisbon Court of Appeal, which reversed the lower courts judgment and awarding parental responsibility to the ex-wife, with contact to the applicant. It was held by the ECHR that the judgment of the Court of Appeal, in so far as it set aside the judgment of the lower court, constituted an hurly burly with the fathers right to respect for family life and attracted the application of Art 8 of the Convention.Were this case to appear in an Irish Court De Souza would not have been awarded custody collectable to the the rigidness of the courts to move from strictly interpreting family in the constitution . Secondly I will explore how 1)Article 41 acts as a shield against state intervention against matters concerning the family and also 2)why I call the child should be given expressed rights in the constitution contained in the definition of family. In my opinion I think that Article 41 acts as a shield against state intervention.I think a shield is an effective way of describing the Article as a shield protects against attack but does not block all danger/damage, just like Article 41protects the family but does not provide fill in immunity. This article emphasises the rights of the family as a whole while not exploring individual rights such as the rights of the child. I think the words inalienable and imprescriptible/rights superior to verificatory law are too strong as it gives the State limited opportunity to intervene with matters concern ing the family.When can the state intervene?. Murphy J gave his conceive on this question where conduct of parents are such to constitute a virtual abdication of their responsibility or alternatively, the disastrous consequences of a particular parental closing are so immediate and inevitable as to demand intervention and perhaps call into question either the basic competence or devotion of the parents A State intervention must be proportionate -breach of Article 41 must have justifiable circumstances. As I previously mentioned Article 41 does not provide complete protection.This can be seen in People v T10 where a father had been convicted of sexual offenses against his daughter. Casey made the locate that while Article 41 established that the family as a unit had its own special rights, other provisions make it clear that each member of that unit had his/her own constitutionally-guaranteed personal rights.. It follows from this that the common law rule can have no application i n cases where one member of a family is assert to have committed an offense against another11.I have already given my opinion that i think the words inalienable and imprescriptible and preceding(prenominal) positive law are too strong and limit the courts powers in intervening. One case where I think this is prevalent is is N v Health dish up Executives12 aka the baby Ann case. At the time of As birth in July 2004 the applicants were unmarried and they decided to place A for adoption. The applicants married in Northern Ireland in January 2006, change their legal position as they now formed a family under the constitution.The High Court held that the child was in the lawful custody of Mr and Mrs D(the Adoptive parents) and that, accordingly, a conditional order for the inquiry under art 40 had to be discharged. The decision of the High Court was based on his conclusion that the applicants had failed in their vocation towards their daughter and abandoned her and that there were c ompelling reasons why the child should not be returned to their custody. The decision was overturned by the Supreme Court.I feel that the decision by the Supreme Court was inappropriate, it did not take into account the welfare of the child, Article 41 restricted the courts ability to award custody of the child to the adopted parents, as the maternal parents and Baby Ann has formed a family under the constitution. If the State had more powers to intervene and supersede Article 41 then the custody would probably have been given to the adoptive parents (which would have been the right decision from my order of view).John Walters gave his view on the Supreme Courts decision its hands tied by outmoded provisions of the Constitution, was prevented from doing the decent thing leaving baby Ann with her prospective adoptive parents13. Judge Catherine McGuiness, closing remarks in the case were interesting. She voiced criticism regarding the rights of the child in the constitution and also how she was reluctant to come to the decision to support the maternal parents claims. It would be disingenuous not to admit that I am one of the quarters who have voiced criticism of the position of the child in the Constitution.I did so publicly in the report on the Kilkenny Incest Inquiry in 1993. The infix case must, however, be decided under the Constitution and the law as it now stands. With the reluctance and some regret I would allow this appeal. 14. I think that the argument to give the child expressed rights under the constitution is intertwined with giving the State more scope on intervening in family cases. As it stands childrens rights are thought as secondary to the parents and this can be see in Crowley. 15 I think that there should be a change from the paternalistic approach, whereby the adults roll in the hay best.Were there to be an express provision outlining the right of the child there would gave been an alternative decision in the PKU test case16. The court acknowledged the right of the parents to refuse a both standard and important test for a new born child while ignoring the best interests of the child. The Council of Europe Recommendation 1289 (1996) point 8(i) on a European Strategy for children advised that there should be guarantees that childrens rights should be explicitly incorporated into constitutional text. 17To summarise I think Article 41 concerning the definition of family should be changed. It is outdated basing a family on marriage as in current times there are more then just marriage based families, there are a variety of situations which the normal person would regard as a family. The Constitutional Review crowd stated that there is a multiplicity of differing units which may be capable of being considered family. 18 I think there should be an exhaustive list including the instances above where a member of the public would regard the situation as being a family.Alternatively you could leave the definition of family open and state that family is not confined to that of just a family based on marriage. This would leave the judiciary to determine a family on a case by case basis which is like to the ECHR approach. This would result in a large amount of uncertainty. I would favor the first option even though it would arise its own problems such as would being forced to become a legal family under the constitution infringe on personal rights?And also how would you determine the length of time a family is together to qualify as co-habitant?. Either way I think the implied definition of family needs to be changed. To highlight the constant increase of different types of families and the need for reform, I have taken statistics from the last 3 census of the number of units formed by cohabiting couples (which are one family I think should be recognised) and formed a table, this furthermore indicates the need to incorporate the change in society into the constitution.

Identify the important skills/techniques Essay

Identify the important skills/techniques and fitness components needed for participation in this position/role and explain why they are important.Badminton has many vital skills, techniques and fitness components needed for participation in a crash match. First of all being that you must have vertical drop dead eye coordination. Which would enable unlike parts of the consistency to combine in producing a desired movement or sequence of movements.This occurs as a result of interaction between the bodys movement and its nervous system. The ability to produce co-ordinated movement is essential for successful performance in sporting skills. For example in badminton you need from each one part of your body to move in a particular way at a specific time to run into the shuttle cock second successfully and efficiently to where you want it. (Drop shot, Smash shot etc)Also another factor needed is balance. In many sports and punts, the concept of balance relates to our ability to make unnecessary our center of mass over our support. An example is of a badminton player as he/she must be able to move in any focus in order to return an opponents shot and must therefore be in a balanced position to do so.another(prenominal) important factor is agility. Which involves the performer to move in a controlled way and to change direction, turn, stop and start quickly again. As in badminton you have to be quick-footed. Which is the ability to adjust the position of the body quickly and in the correct way that is valuable to all participants in physical activities. You need agility in badminton to be able to adjust your body from one position to another in order to hit the bandy.Another crucial factor is the speed of reaction. In order to be good at singles badminton you must have a good reaction time. Which is the time it takes for example to get to a doll and hit it back. Also movement time is necessary a good one. Which is the time taken between the initiation of a response and the completion of the movement. So its like the time taken between the badminton player deciding on the right place to on the court and his/her starting to move (initiation of the response) and qualification the movement to the place on the court and hitting the shuttle cock. (Completion of the movement). Also a good reaction time is needed to be good at badminton. Which is the total time between the initial stimulus, the response to it and the completion of that response to that. Which is the time taken to react to the hiss on your side of the court and hit it back to the opposing side before it touches the floor.Timing is also needed for badminton in a singles match. It is the right to hit the razzing. If you hit it to late you may be open to a smash shot. Timing can be influenced by internal mechanisms e.g. crafty where the shuttle is going to land. Timing is also knowing and responding to a game.These are all equipment and court size the badminton court must be in order to be passed by the England badminton officials. Court size for singles 44 feet long x 17 feet wide Shuttlecocks Also known as birdies or birds. One type has feathers with a cork base, and the other is formative with a rubber base. Rackets Made of lightweight material like wood, plastic or metal. Court size for doubles 44 feet long x 20 feet wide. Net height 5 feet.The object of the badminton is to hit the shuttlecock back and forth over a plunder without permitting it to hit the floor in leap on your side of the net.Here are some general rules and terms for badminton1. A player may not touch the net with a racquet or history body during play.2. A shuttlecock may not come to rest or be carried on the racket.3. A shuttlecock may hit the net on its way across during play and the rally can continue.4. A term of service is called an inning.5. A player may not reach over the net to hit the shuttlecock.6. A loss of serve is called a side out.7. In class games will be played to 15 points and a match is 2 out of 3 games.8. Some types of shots are the lob, drop shot, smash and drive.Here are some rules of serving in badminton1. A coin toss or spin of the racket determines who will serve first.2. The serve must travel diagonally (cross court) to be good.3. A serve that touches the net and lands in the proper court is called a let serve and is reserved, otherwise, only one serve is permitted to each court until a side out occurs. A serve that is totally missed may be tried again.4. The racket must make contact with the birdie below the waist on a serve.5. The server and receiver shall stand within their respective service courts until the serve is madeSection 2 Identify and trace in detail the position of the player/participant and the effects these have on performance. I am particularly good at doubles matches. My strengths are that I have good hand eye coordination so I can predict where the opponent is going to hit the shuttlecock back at my sid e of the court. The ectomorph is the best variant in order to play badminton, which I am closest to out the 3 builds. I also have good agility so I can move in a controlled way to change direction, turn, stop and start again quickly.I can be seen as quick footed. means I can move my whole body with freedom an with ease. I perform the important skills such as drop shot (forehand), overhand lead (forehand) and smash (forehand) and also net shots (forehand and backhand) to a reasonablely good standard. I am good with supporting other performers, in a doubles match, as I know the footwork in order to help the other performer. E.g. if the opponent in a doubles match hits the shuttlecock to the back of the court an my partner hits it I would be at the front making sure no drop shots would be able to win them there point.So I see myself as more of a defensive player making sure I am always in the opposite place to my partner. E.g. if hes at the front I would be at the back and vice vers a. I move well around the court in order to hit the shuttlecock back to my opponent as I am light footed and as I am agile. My body position for when I hit the shuttlecock is accurate as when it is hit I rotate my hips a bit. My timing for hitting the shuttlecock is good as most of the time I hit the shuttlecock an do not miss it. I am mostly consistent at hitting the shuttlecock back. In order to play the game well you must have appropriate fitness levels for stamina and speed. In order to get to the shuttlecock quickly and constantly without getting tired.Section3 Identify and describe in detail the weakness of the player/participant and the affects these have on performance.I show some weakness in attacking in badminton when smashing the shuttlecock to the opponent to the back of the court it sometimes goes out of bounds. I show a limited amount of tactical awareness. As I am aware for where to go as the opponent hits the shuttlecock back. But dont always go to where is needed in order to hit the shuttlecock back in a way that the opponent cant smash it. The movement around the court is fine not clumsy or slow but may sometimes not be fast enough.I am sure that my footwork is fine as well as my beef up action as hitting the shuttlecock and my body position is fine in order to hit the shuttlecock. I only play with my right hand as I am not as coordinated with my left hand and may miss the shuttlecock. My timing for when to hit the shuttlecock is good as I most of the time manage to hit it. My work rate in order to play badminton is ok, as effort is low. The fit components of mine including stamina and speed are reasonablely good.

The Persian Wars

The Persian Wa rs tric D. Blanco Persia, known as Iran, was the largest empire the world had eer seen by the 5th century B,C. E. The name Iran derlves trom the word Asyran, and durlng the first half of the first millennium, the Iranian-speaking people moved gradually Into the area of the Zagros Mountains, the largest groups known as the Medes and Persians. gibe the author of The Greek and Persian Wars 499-386 3C by Philip de Souza, The Persians were part of a group of ancient peoples who spoke languages similar to modern Iranian (Souza, Pg. 9). The origin of the Persian conglomerate can be attributed to the leadership ot Cyrus the Great. A brilliant and powerful Persian king. he enlarged nearby Islands and united them Into one empire. Cyrus was able to create a vast empire that would last more than two coke years. As time went by, the Greek city- states were under the district of the Persians. The Persian fights began. But what was the Persian war? According to the Encyclopedia of Ancient History, Greece, it was a serious of conflicts fought between Greek states and the Persian pudding stone.Greece was Invaded twice during the Persian wars. The wars with Greece and Persla were a result due to rebellion, but who won the war? The Persians wanted to conquer more of Greece, then a war broke out, but how did it all began? After the death of King Croesus of Lydia died, Greece was under the rule of the Persian Empire which they much resented. In result to this, they fought to throw out the Persians. The city-state Ionia revolted. Athens and Eritrea supported the Ionians with a token force of twenty ships from Athens, five ships from Eritrea.The Ionian revolt was successful at first, but after the Greeks sailed headquarters It was rushed. Persian temples had been violated, and whether they did it or not the Athenians and Eritreans were blamed for it. King Darius I of Persia ordered a penal expedition to these two cities, but a storm smashed his fleet. Another fleet was assembled. and the tlrst Persian war began, Which city-state was saved, and which was destroy from the fleet of Persia? Before finding the resolve of which city-state was saved and destroyed, and victor, lets look at the important kings, generals during the wars.Darius l, he was the king of the Persian Empire during the first war. His son Xerxes took the title as king of the Persian Empire at the start ot the reciprocal ohm war. Mardonius is a Persian general In both wars. Datls and Artaphernes were generals at the Battle of Marathon, the first war. 1 OF3 Marathon. At the Battle of Thermopylae, the second war, Leonidas, Spartan general, and king fought the Persians with three hundred men. In Thermopylae 480 BC by Nic Fields, Leonidas as the commander-in-chief, held off the Persians to their rear by a mountain track, the Anopaia lead (Fields, Pg. ). Themistocles was an Athenian dmiral at the Battle of Salamis. Pausanias was also a Spartan general but at the Battle of Pl ataea. They are the important people during this time of event. Fought to the death, many survived, but who won the wars? Persians have returned home with a low supply of weapons after the first war, they were defeated by the Greeks at the Battle of Marathon. Persians attacked Athens to instill them a lesson for revolting against the Great Darius l, but the Athenians defeated the Persians. The second invasion returned with the new king, Xerxes.With a huge army he gathered, they ttacked the Greeks at Thermopylae. Thats when the Spartans came in, with three hundred men under the leadership of Leonidas. The Persians ended up reaching the city of Athens and burned it. The Persians were finally defeated by the Greek Navvy in a bloody sea battle. Fewer than four hundred Greek ships under the Athenian general Themistocles beat twelve hundred Persian ships. Xerxes went home after the defeat. However, he left a large army in Greece. The Spartans and Athenians fought the Persian army. The c ombined forces were able to beat the Persians.Looking back at the question, Athens was the city-state that was destroyed and Eritreans survived. The war may have been won by the Greeks, but when did it all started? According to the author of The Greek and Persian Wars 499-386 BC book by Philip de Souza, In 499 the Persians launched a major naval expedition against Naxos, the largest and most prosperous of the Cycladic islands. Herodotus presents this expedition as the result of an appeal by some exiled Naxian aristocrats to Aristagoras, the ruling tyrant of Miletos, to function them force their compatriots to ccept them back and return to power.Miletos was one of the largest and most important Ionian cities. According to the text, it had enjoyed privileged, semi- independent status in relation to the Lydian kings, which the Persians allowed to continue. The Ionians rebelled, some of the Ionian cities and island had been evolution a form of democratic government when they came unde r Persian influence. Such developments continued in mainland Greece, especially in Athens, but the move to widespread favourite participation in government was prematurely halted in Ionia.

Critical Analysis Paper: BlackBerry Essay

fit to the article B leave outBerry Posts Loss as Phones Go Unsold, BlackBerry performs a poor performance. byplay has a quarterly loss in 2013 for $965 million. The gross had drop 45% that down to $1.57 one thousand million from $2.86 billion comp ars with a year earlier. BlackBerry muddled $248 million, or 47 cents a serving, and analysts forecast 49 cents a share loss for the quarter ended August 31. The net loss is $235 million which excluding inventory efflorescence and restructuring charges in the latest quarter. The cash position also down to $2.6 billion from $3.1 billion at quarter-end. Smartphone shaper report a hefty operating loss of nearly $1 billion charge on inventory of unsold phones. Fairfax Financial Holdings to take the company private for about $4.7 billion, or $9 a share. As a former mobile king, BlackBerry faces to exit the handset channel. This report will behave a situation analysis of potential ca personas of declining sales and profits of Black Ber ry. And also would identify inseparable company and external environment for the poor performance.See more analytical writingA point reason of the sales declining is BlackBerry cannot satisfy enough to the market and product read for customers. Sales declining accuse to r yetues declining. BlackBerry recognized most phones revenue is from the older models, which means the new phones are not much attract to customers. Ian Austen (2013) noted that BlackBerry could soon be leaving the business of reservation phonesleaving fewer options for a vocal minority still committed to phones with its once popular tangible keyboard. (para. 1) BlackBerry usually produces the keyboard models, but with peoples pursuit on phone, most smartphone users prefer to use touch-screen models instead of the physical keyboards. Keyboard was one of a special characteristic of BlackBerry, eventually, that become an obstacle for its evolution.The reason of revenue declining of BlackBerry is it has a lower m arket share. BlackBerry has not dislodge their product style and business strategy while customers are seeking the new products constantly, market share wouldbe affected and would excite revenue going down. Joseph Palenchar (2013) noted that the old days saw BlackBerrys market share in global smartphone shipments peak in 2009 at 20% and fall to 5% in 2012, scoring the companys lowest level since 2003. (para. 3) Increase the chances that BlackBerry can regain some of its lost market share during the make-or-break year of 2013 (para. 9) Revenue is declining because the market is becoming smaller. With Apple, Samsungs products are growing deeply in customers impression, BlackBerry is standing in the behind position compare with those two brands. BlackBerry is not enough strong to attract those Apple and Samsungs customers to choose its products even they produce the new products.A poor financial performance reflects BlackBerry Company is going down. In the article of Company Overvie w, the cause stated a SWOT analysis of BlackBerry. In the weaknesses of company, the author described the revenues decreased primarily delinquent to lower shipment volumes and lower average selling prices of hardware products. The companys revenues declined from $19,907 million in FY2011 to $11,073 million in FY 2013. (p.6) Continuous decline rivals the companys profits and margins. In 2013, RIM put down the operating loss of $1,235 million compared with operation profit of $1,497 million and $4,636 million in 2012 and 2011. It also suffers a decline in the cash position which from $4,009 million in 2011 to $2,303 in 2013.Substitutes and competitive also are the factors that affect BlackBerry suffer in this situation. The lower revenues will decrease market share so that to increase the competition. BlackBerry lack of innovation however, its competitors of smartphone company such as Apple, Samsung, HTC, Microsoft, etc. are speedily evolving. Most of them have larger customer ba ses, greater financial, sales and distribution than BlackBerry. As consumers, under an procurable circumstance of selecting, they prefer a product with innovation, creative, and satisfaction. Competitive pressure impact the companys suppuration and market share.Fairfax Financial Holdings is going to take the company private, but still wont dissolve the companys problems. BlackBerry still insist their employees of the same smartphones and tablets that use at home. It is losing in theconsumer arena. Therefore, even though investors take it private, BlackBerrys revenue still would not be changed because it did not change its operation of business.The most primary reason for the companys poor performance is BlackBerry lack of innovation. Because of BlackBerry did not change its strategy in order to satisfy customers demand for the smartphone, the product sales and revenues are going down. Also, the lower market share and the higher competition would impact BlackBerrys profit and marg in.BibliographyConnors, W. (2013). Blackberry posts loss as phones go unsold. Austen, I. (2013). Blackberrys approaching in doubt, keyboard lovers bemoan their own. Palenchar, J. (2013). Analysts Blackberry facing tough battle. (2013). Company overview.

Social Organizations in Turkey

This physical composition examines that social organizations in Turkey. The struggles of civil initiatives emerged. against to increasing and diversifying problems of World such as war, conflict, natural disasters, famine, drought, environmental problems, morbific diseases, educational issues,When the goverment institutions cannot provide basic sevices , civil society organizations engaged in. In modern Turkey women rights skip with revolutions of Mustafa Kemal Ataturk. Mustafa Kemal Ataturk outlawed polygamy and abolished Islamic courts in favour of secular institutions. After that in 2001 Turkish Civil work out changed.This change provides women equal rights with men in terms of marriage, divorce and property ownership. In addition , penal Code provides female sexuality for the first time as a matter of individual rights, kind of than family honour. Nowadays Tutkey has so many organizations which protects women right and womens shelter foundations. On the other mitt its fl eshy to say that most of them reach their goals. Most of this organizations locate in urban argona,however there are a few organizations in rural area. In Turkey women who live in rural area are need more protection orf their rights.In addtion most of women cannot join these organizations because of their family or husband. In Turkey ,sivil society organizations soak up great importance because of the goverment cannot its duty. I choose foundation for the Support of Womens Work (FSWW),its a reformist,revisionist and communicative social organization. In addition FSWW is against to group conflict in Turkey. I heard this organization from a friend of my mother. I went their Office in Beyoglu,and interview with a kind woman who Works there as a volunteer general secretary.The first aim of FSWW is that recognizes basic womens knowledge and effort in fighting poverty and contruction of their lifes ,and right to set up and solutions to their own concerns. Secondly,respects local woman set and avoids isolate themselves from their society. Thirdly,women are equal to men and it should be consideres as liet hat all over the society. Finally,they commemorate that womens equal participation in political and economic can only be achieved at the community or local level , is cooperation between local authorites and other stakeholders in society.When I intercommunicate her why you choose this organization she answered Acording to me this is the right place to defend the women rights and proviede jobs for women to gain them into the society and giving women economical freedom. According to informaton that I learn from she FSWW aims to help to women to determine their individual and collective priories, learn and implement pronounce solutions,develope their capacity and strenghten communication between them. In addition it supports training ,credit ,cnsulting and merchandiseing in order to append womens participation in conomic procesess.These are some programs of FSWW Early Child Care and Education Programs FSWW develop alternative ways in expanding early pincer care and education services to low-income communities, through the leaders and advocacy role of grassroots women. With an educational approach bringing the children, families, educators and the community together, women cooperatively manage elevated quality early childcare and education programs. This program is internationally awarded and accredited by Vanderbilt University(USA). 1 Business maturation SupportTraining and monitoring support to enable women to develop business ideas by analyzing the existing local economic and market opportunities and their own skills, and new products with market potential are developed and womens skills are improved accordingly. 2 redeeming(a) Groups Hundreds of women are organized in saving groups of 10-15 members where they bring their own savings and create their own bullion to borrow for their financial needs. 3 NAHIL Shop FSWW establishe d a shop at the ground floor of its building in Istanbul, where various kinds of products (handmade accessories, decorations etc. produced by women from all around Turkey are sold as well as second hand clothes. The womens products are also marketed through meshing on the shops web site and other e-commerce sites. FSWW also created a regular second hand bazaar under the same name, with local branches run by women initiatives, the profit of which goes to local early child care and education initiatives. 4 ? On the other ,In Turkey so many women cannot join these programs because of their husband or family pressure. According to she ,their first aim to help these women who cannot join these programs because of society pressure.It is very easy to being a member of FSWW. After the registration ,members can be aware of the meeting by the telephone and mail. So many women find out this organization by word out mouth and by the internet site. Group conflict and gender is one of the most important issues of Turkish Society. So many women inured as second-class citizens. Social organizations such as FSWW try to change this idea. In addition goverment is not succesfull in terms of defending women rights. The law system is dominated by men because of that decisions are evermore protects men firstly.

Influencing Other’s Behavior and Its Impact Essay

As an exclusive, we have the capacity to affect another(prenominal)s way, characters and attitudes. in fact, what we did to crook othetfr has the more impoact thyan what an anidicidual do it to himself. However, the power to persuade depends upon on what kind of persuasion we did and how the purpose takes place. As an individual, we have then eytnmdecy to believe hwat opthewrs said and what others do towards us. Actually, it is more likely to believe others idea. Influencing others thohuhts and actions msut be continually improve his percept and quality towards quality and productivity (Seminar Information Service, 2007).However, how could we do this and what is the inpact of persuading our thought s and isea upon others? II. Influencing Others Thgoughts and behavior Communication with a someone is genius of the major concern on how to persuade others upon your ideas and belkifs. Constant communication bequeath build a strong confidence and will scratch trust and support whe n you argon arguing or discussing something with him. It is also a way to get his precaution ans support when you are in the midst of conversation with him.In fact, inidivucdual and group victory towards others in the first place depends on the ability on how to communicate woth others. The process on how a person cvommunicatye wotu pthers strogly influence others perception on you. If you have the capability and skills in persuading others ideas to your own by means of well-built communicatiuon, you have also the powers to be understood and the influence to be inculcated toerda others. The communication skills are the key on how to exploit individual and tied(p) group potential and beliefs.Indeed, individual and group success mainly rooted from their ability to exchange lyric clearly and with persuasion. Explore and examine another persons way of communication stryle in ordewr to reconcile the implication and delivery and idea to the approach of that person. Well-defined relat ionship fag end sway others actions and judgments. However, how could a person buiuld strong relationship without the ability to communicate well? grammatical construction good relationds comes from edifice good communication skills. As constaent communicatiuon build authority, good relkationship also build power to plead ones case.However, before entering to the relationship, it is important to underdtanr anf analyze forst ones style of communication and relationship towdrs opther. The skill to analyze them will improve ones way and strategy on how to consociate woith them. The dynamica of the communicationa and rekationships of others pave the way on how to approach them in suach a way that they could handle our means of comradery amd acquaintance. The analysisi and defining our approach and goals and identifying the most effecvtove methopd will emphatically influcnec positively anothers behavior and their way of perception.In call of psychological approach, assess and analy uze how the style natuarally encourage others type of relationship. Plan an influence strategy, and use an examined and analyzed techniques for connection and rapport. There are studies conducted shoews that submission has a strong influence towards individual. It increases conformity towards individual. The deegeree of comfomiryt is basewd on the levels of sympathty being shown and felt for that person (GERHART, 2006). There are many well-known studies in social psychology that demonstrate discordant influences on conformity.Conformity is defined as a change in behavior, belief, or opinion so that the change is more congruent, or agreeable, with an influential individual or group. Among these influences are group pressure, guilt, and authority (Kiesler & Kiesler, 1969). question has also indicated that these influences hold much more power on conformity than originally preconceived. They can potentially become very powerful tools for subtle, human manipulation when used correc tly. Due to this, it is very surprising that no position research on the influence of fellow feeling on conformity exists.Sympathy is defined feelings of mourning or concern for another person (not to be confused with empathy). Although no solid, empirical evidence for the influence of sympathy on conformity exists, it is often used effectively. Many strategies for donation collection aim at getting other community to conform to the belief that money is needed, and sympathy is typically used as a marketing tool. People in everyday situations also, either intentionally or unintentionally, produce sympathy in others so that they may conform to their beliefs or comply with their requests.For example, Perina (2002) found that college students admit that 70 portion of their excuses for missed assignments are lies. A vast majority of these lies concern health problems and deceased relatives, which is likely to elicit sympathy in the professor. Another example of the influence of sym pathy on conformity is the Christian religion. The watchword states that God gave His nevertheless Son, Jesus, so that no one else would have to suffer. People could sympathize with this, which would influence their conformity to the religion.Yet even with these powerful implications, no direct research can be found on this probable relationship. There does exist, however, some research where sympathy is applicable. Many psychologists and philosophers have hinted that sympathy mediates altruistic behavior (Eisenberg & Strayer, 1987 Wispe, 1991). Altruism is defined as intentional, voluntary behavior the benefits another and is not performed with the expectation of receiving external rewards or avoiding external punishment. Given this definition, conformity could be labeled as a subcategory of altruism.In many cases, people intentionally conform to the beliefs of others with no intent other than to please, or benefit, them. More recently, Eisenberg, Zhou, and Koller (2001) reporte d findings of sympathy predicting prosocial behavior. The only difference between altruism and prosocial behavior, by definition, is that prosocial behavior lacks a specified motive (Eisenberg & Strayer, 1987). Again, conformity can be identified as a subcategory of prosocial behavior, which is closely related to altruism. Other research can be interpreted as sympathy being a confounding variable, influencing conformity.Studies of guilt on conformity (Freedman, Wallington, & Bless, 1967) suggest that when participants experience guilt, they are much more likely to comply. Guilt is defined as feelings of responsibility for repellent actions. In their research, participants were induced to perform a negative behavior (e. g. , knocking over a potassium ordered note cards) at the expense of the perceived researcher, subsequently producing guilt. It could be argued, however, that the negative behaviors alone are likely to elicit sympathy, which in turn, could influence conformity to re quests.Basically, the experimenters exposure to negative behaviors, regardless of the person responsible, could elicit sympathy and influence the participants conformity. This could have been controlled for had there been a group where confederates, followed by measurement of participant conformity, performed the negative behaviors. Therefore, sympathy is potentially applicable to this research. The purpose of this study is to examine the direct influence of sympathy on conformity. It is predicted that sympathy will promote the onset of conformity with the assumption that participants will only conform to the sympathized person.It is also predicted that women will display higher conformity, because they are more likely to be influenced by sympathy (Bond & Smith, 1996 Ickes, 1997). It is hypothesized that people experiencing sympathy for an individual are more likely to conform to that individuals opinions than people of the general population. GERHART, A. D. (2006) THE INFLUENCE OF SYMPATHY ON CONFORMITY. SEMINAR INFORMATION SERVICE, I. (2007) Communicating with Influence Building Successful Interpersonal & Team Communication.

Fresh Water Essay

1. IntroductionFresh irrigate system is an indispensable resource for human livelihood, agricultural irrigation and economic increase (Brooks, 2007). However, due to the rapid population growth and the traped reserves, increasing regions train faced serious scarcity of orthogonal piss (Williamson, 2010). Saudi-Arabian Arabia is one of the driest countries in the orbit (CIA, 2011). According to World Bank (2011), the world average white water deliver consumption is nearly 7000m/year/person, man the water resource per capita in Saudi Arabia is little than 1200m/year/person. In order to satisfy the demand for water, Saudi Arabia currently supplies orthogonal water via deep drilling of fossil groundwater (UNESCO, 2009).Nevertheless, society increasingly recognises that those water resources are non-renewable and are apt(predicate) to be reduced by the overexploited boreholes and wells. Thus Saudi Arabia needs to find alternative and sustainable methods to sack up these is sues. Since there is abundant sea water around Saudi Arabia, large- outstrip desalination could be the specimen solution to water scarcity. However, the expensive salute and the detrimental influence on the environment might limit the scale and sustainability of this method. Due to the cheap constitute and the minor environmental damage, effluent reuse is regarded as some other potential solution. However, it seems to have a low social acceptance. at that placefore, this report will compare the feasibility of desalination and water reuse in terms of monetary value, social acceptance and environmental impacts, thereby exploring the most suited method to deal with the scarcity of water in Saudi Arabia.2. BackgroundSaudi Arabia is located in the Middle easternmost, bordering the Persian Gulf and the Red Sea (CIA, 2011). It is famous for the abundant reserves of cover and gas. However, the fresh water resources in Saudi Arabia are genuinely limited. According to World Bank (20 11), there is no one river and lake with perennial water through and throughout this nation. Further more than, due to the influence of the subtropical climate, the annual precipitation is besides about 100 mm and the climate is hot and dry (ibid.). Additionally, rapid population growth has ca utilize gritty(prenominal) increase of demand for water (Abderrahman, 2000). Shortages of water have constrained the development of agriculture and economy (Williamson, 2010).Since the immunity water is estimated to be able to communicate for 320 years, the underground water is still the principal source of water at present (UNESCO, 2009 100). However, with the increasing awareness of defects of this method, the focus of the future development of water provision has shifted to other sustainable water technologies. In order to deal with fresh water shortages, desalination has received considerable investments. According to Abu-Arabi (2007), in 2004 the number of desalination industries r eached 30 and they stinker supply 1.1 billion isometric metres of fresh water per year.Wastewater reuse is regarded as another future means of water provision. According to Bashitialshaaer et al (2009), in 2009 there were 33 wastewater treatment plants with a capacity of 748 billion cubic metres per year.3. Requirements greet should be the principal consideration of water provision because an expensive cost might limit the scale of covering of methods. This also includes the cost of zilch consumption.Social acceptance plays a signifi privyt role in the development of water supply technologies. If the water cannot be accepted by society, it will lead to very little consumption.Environment has a profound influence on human beings. In order to hold water supply technology undermining the environment, its impacts on the environment should be considered.4. Presentation of options4.1 desalinisationDesalination is a specific treatment bear upon to take minerals from saline water to purify for drinkable water and irrigation (Al-Sahlawi, 1999). sometimes this demonstrate is utilise to take salinity and other pollutants from wastewater. The general method of desalination is reverse osmosis or multi-stage flash distillation (Lone Star Chapter of the Sierra Club, 2008).4.2 urine ReuseWater reuse means treating wastewater to a specific quality, and then using treated or reclaimed water from one application for another application (McKenzie, 2005 Asano, 2006). The resources for wastewater reuse are various according to Asano (2006), they could be domestic wastewater, industrial sewage, municipal sewage or agricultural wastewater.5. Comparison of Options5.1 CostAlthough the cost of desalination has decreased dramatically in the past three decades, it is still expensive to use in large scale. Alghariani (2003) points out that the outlay of desalination consists of initial investment for equipment, running costs (including staff and maintenance), as well as chemica ls or specialised parts. At present, according to the Third World Water Assessment Report (UNESCO, 2009 155), the average cost of desalination is among $0.60/m and $0.80/m. Moreover, Owens and Brunsdale (2000, cited in Alghariani, 2003 5) claim that the cost of desalination in Florida can even be less than $0.55/m, which is one-tenth of the cost price in 1979.However, as Wright (2009) points out, this cost is still higher than other water supply technologies. Apart from expenditure, desalination is generally considered a high-cost process due to the enormous vitality consumption (Abu-Arabi, 2007). Nevertheless, this does not seem to be a problem for Saudi Arabia. According to the CIA (2010), the proven oil and gas reserves in Saudi Arabia are respectively the de crush oution and fifth in the world. As Abu-Arabi (2007) points out, in Saudi Arabia the annual solar energy received by each square kilometre of land is equivalent to 1.5 million barrels of crude oil. Abundant energy may lead to a low price.Nevertheless, oil is non-renewable and oil reserves are estimated to last less than one century (World Energy Council, 2010), so the consumption of energy should be taken into account as a considerable cost. Moreover, the treatment of the waste gas generated by desalination also increases the cost (Al-Sahlawi, 1999).The cost of water reuse is influenced by various factors such as treatment level, intended reuse options, side of treatment, wastewater collection and transportation. According to Qadir et al (2009), the average cost of recycling water is approximately $1.79 per cubic metre. However, compared to desalination, wastewater reuse has the advantage of cost. Fryer (2010) demonstrates that the relative marginal cost of seawater desalination is higher than water recycling, and amounts to up to $2000 per acre-foot. The water recycling represented a general fluctuation pattern between approximately $300 and $1000 per acre-foot (Fryer, 2010). Even so, water re cycling appears cheaper than desalination.5.2 Social acceptanceWhile both options can generate safe water, desalination seems to have higher social acceptance. Sloane (2009) investigated the acceptance of desalination and water reuse at Nourieh Palms. As shown in Table 2, in all areas but particularly drinking water, the approval rate for desalination is higher than water reuse. This reflects that more populate trust the quality of water which is generated by desalination.Source Sloane (2009 128)For most uses, reclaimed water tends to have lower social acceptance than desalination. There are various reasons why nation do not trust reclaimed water. First, most people do not understand the difference between treated and untreated water (McKenzie, 2005). Secondly, they are often concerned about the type of wastewater, treatment levels and the availability of information (Qadir, 2009). There are particular concerns with the wastewater produced by the petroleum industry, brought to th e surface when drilling oil.This kind of wastewater is difficult to treat due to the high content of oil (Asatekin and Mayes, 2009). Therefore, though reclaimed water undergoes a very thorough treatment process which makes it entirely safe to drink, the public are reluctant to drink treated sewage. However, it is not impossible that people will accept drinking such treated sewage. For example, capital of Singapore has successfully used reclaimed water, a product named NEWater, to supply drinking water (Tortajada, 2006). This reflects that treated wastewater could become widely accepted through public education.5.3 Influence on environmentThere are some environmental disadvantages of desalination. Since Saudi Arabia is replete in oil and gas, clean energy such as solar energy tends to be used less than fossil energy (Al-Sahlawi, 1999). The overuse of fossil energy may cause serious environmental pollution. For instance, oil might generate large quantities of carbon dioxide, which is the main factor leading to global thaw (Al-Aza, 2005). Furthermore, the gas emissions from oil could undermine the ozone layer and cause acid rain (ibid.). In addition to environmental pollution caused by fossil energy, brine discharge is another serious problem. After desalination, the brines generally have a higher concentration of salt, nearly twice that of natural seawater (Tsiourtis, 2002). The brines are generally dispatch back to the same place where the seawater comes from. This might lead to increased concentration of salt in the sea, which is a potential threat to aquatics.In contrast with the desalination, wastewater reuse is regarded as an eco-friendly way to supply fresh water. Recycling water can maximise the use of rainfall and other current water resources so that the limited underground water resources can be conserved (Miller, 2005). In the meantime, decreased energy consumption could reduce the pollution caused by the use of fossil energy (Ghermandi et al, 2007) . Therefore, recycled water is a sustainable and eco-friendly method to supply good quality fresh water.6. ConclusionFrom the information given above, the following conclusions can be drawn1) Both desalination and wastewater reuse are feasible water supply technologies.2) The cost of desalination has decreased dramatically, but is still far more than water reuse. Desalination requires more capital and energy.3) Reclaimed water has low public acceptance, especially for drinking water.4) Desalination could undermine the environment, while water reuse is eco-friendly.7. RecommendationConsidering the cost and the impact on the environment, wastewater reuse is recommended to be used as the main water supply technology. Although the public acceptance of recycled water is lower than desalination, the example of Singapore has proven that reclaimed water could be accepted in daily life. Desalination is a pricey water supply technology. Furthermore, it needs a vast amount of energy. Even if Saudi Arabia has abundant oil and gas reserves, as these resources are non-renewable, desalination is not suitable for sustainable water supply. Additionally, it has detrimental influences upon the environment. Therefore, Saudi Arabia should improve the ratio of wastewater reuse in the whole fresh water supply system.8. ReferencesAbderrahman, W. (2000). urban Water Management in Developing Arid Countries. Water Resources learning 16 (1) pp7-20.Abu-Arabi, M. (2007). Status and Prospects for solar Desalination in the Mena Region. In Rizzuti, L., Ettouney, H., and Cipollina, A. (eds.) Solar Desalination for the 21st Century A Review of ultramodern Technologies and Researches on Desalination Coupled to Renewable Energies (pp163-178). Dordrecht Springer.Al-Aza, M. (2005). Oil Pollution and Its Environmental Impact in the Arabian Gulf Region. Boston Elsevier.Alghariani, S. (2003). Water Transfer Versus Desalination in North Africa Sustainability and Cost Comparison. London schooling of Oriental and African Studies.Al-Sahlawi, M. (1999). Seawater Desalination in Saudi Arabia Economic Review and Demand Projections. Desalination (123) pp143-147.Asano, T. (2006). Water Reuse Issues, Technologies and Applications. New York McGraw Hill.Asatekin, A. And Mayes, A. (2009). Oil Industry Wastewater Treatment with Fouling Resistant Membranes Containing Amphiphilic Comb Copolymers. Evrion. Sci. Technol. 43 (12) pp. 4487-4492.Bashitialshaaer, R., Persson, K., and Larsson, M. (2009). Estimated Future Production of Desalinated Seawater in the MENA Countries and Consequences for the Recipients. Dubai IDA World Congress.Brooks, D. (2007). Fresh Water in the Middle East and North Africa. In Lipchin, C., Pallant, E., Saranga, D. And Amster, A. (eds.) Water Resources Management and Security in the Middle East (pp. 33-64). Dordrecht Springer.CIA (2011). Saudi Arabia. Retrieved 5 April 2011 from https//www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/sa.htmlFryer J. (2010). An I nvestigation of the Marginal Cost of Seawater Desalination in California. Retrieved 5 April 2011 from http//r4rd.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/07/Cost_of_Seawater_Desalination__Final_3-18-09.pdfGhermandi, A., Bixio, D. And Thoeye, C. (2007). The eccentric of Free Water Constructed Wetlands As Polishing Step in Municipal Wastewater Reclamation and Reuse. acquaintance of the Total Environment. 380 (1-3) pp. 247-258.Lone Star Chapter of the Sierra Club (2008). Desalination Is It Worth the Salt?. Retrieved 5 April 2011 from http//texas.sierraclub.org/press/Desalination.pdfMcKenzie, C. (2005). Wastewater Reuse Conserves Water and Protects Waterways. On Tap Winter 44 (4) pp46-51.Miller, G. (2005). Integrated Concepts in Water Reuse Managing world(a) WaterNeeds. Desalination 187 (1-3) pp. 65-75.Tsiourtis, N. (2002). Desalination and the Environment. Desalination. 141 (3) pp. 223-236.UNESCO (2009). The United Nations World Water Development Report, 3 Water in a Changing World. Paris and Lon don Earthscan.Qadir, M., Bahri, A., Sato, T., and Al-Karadsheh, E. (2009). Wastewater Production, Treatment and Irrigation in the Middle East and North Africa. Biomedical and Life Science 24 (1-2) pp37-51.Sloane, T. (2009). Water Provision A Comparative Analysis. London Sage.Tortajada, C. (2006). Water Management in Singapore. International Journal of Water Resources Development (22) pp. 227-240.Williamson, F. (2010). Water Management Traditional and Alternative Approaches. International Resource Management. 15(2) pp. 227-231.World Bank (2011). Saudi Arabia. Retrieved 5 April 2011 from http//data.worldbank.org/country/saudi-arabiaWorld Energy Council (2010). Issues. Retrieved 5 April 2011 from http//worldenergy.org/IssuesWright, G. (2009). The Economic Feasibility of Desalination for Water Supply to Arid Regions. Global Water Issues 13 (2) pp202-206.