Assignment 1 (Mineral Resource Rent Tax (MRRT) Case Study

Assignment 1 (Mineral Resource Rent Tax (MRRT) - Case Study Example Introduction of RSPT would lead to reduction in the income tax but it was expected that such would not lead to the reduction in revenue, since the decrease in tax would encourage companies to undertake more projects which would lead to rise in the revenue. This increase in revenue would be utilized by the government of Australia for bringing about infrastructure development in the country. The Australian Government decided to provide the resource entities with a refundable credit for the royalties paid by them in the previous years, so that the mining companies receive an extra relaxation on their taxation policies and they are encouraged towards revenue generation. Introduction The Australian Government accepted the proposal of the Australia’s Future Tax System Review to introduce a tax charge on the resource rents and the super profits earned by the mining companies from the exploitation of the non-renewable resources of Australia. This new tax policy will be known as Resour ce Super Profits Tax (RSPT). The RSPT would provide the community of Australia with a share of income that will be derived from the extraction and sale of non-renewable resources of Australia in countries all over the world. ... The RSPT was replaced by the Minerals Resource Rent Tax (MRRT) in late June 2010 because of a resulting controversy in terms of RSPT. The objective of the government in the implementation of the MRRT policy was same as that of the RSPT, along with an additional objective to overcome the controversies and adverse affect faced on the implementation of the RSPT. The area of consideration of the MRRT was limited than the RSPT, which increased its relevance and brought efficiency. The MRRT policies received support from mining unions such as Forestry, Energy Union, Construction and Mining, Australian Greens, and from the Australian Council of trade Unions. The new policy led to the reduction in tax for the mining companies, thus fulfilling one of the objectives with which the policy was introduced. Answer 1. The main features of Resources Super Profit Tax are- The nominal tax rate of 40% on assessable resource profits is applicable. The tax is to be imposed on revenue earned after deducti ng the allowance for capital expenditure. The tax is to be imposed on profits above the normal rate of return, which is determined to be 6%, being the risk-free long term bond rate. To compensate for the higher risk that is involved in the mining ventures, losses on abandoned projects were to be refunded at the mirror rate of 40% of the loss suffered (Kreiser, et al., p.227). Features of Minerals resource rent tax (MRRT) are- The proposed MRRT will apply to the coal and iron ore projects in Australia from 1st July, 2012 at 30% rate. The projects will be entitled to an extraction allowance of 25% which shall reduce the taxable profits subject to the MRRT. MRRT liability will not apply to

E-Commerce Cyber Marketing Strategies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

E-Commerce Cyber Marketing Strategies - Essay Example Internet has become of the most phenomenon technological factor to most modern organizations, tapping the cost-effectiveness and affordability of the factor to achieve their objectives and goals (Krishnamurthy, 2006). As such, the internet has ingrained itself in the modern commerce and trade. Moreover, despite its rapid growth, analysts expect the internet to growth and advance further. The central goal of most organizations is to realize future threats and opportunities, and accordingly design a strategy. Commoditization of the internet has led to the development and evolution of electronic commerce, or E-commerce as commonly known (Hanson, 2000). Essentially, E-commerce refers to the concept of selling and buying services and products over computer networks or the internet. It incorporates technologies such as internet marketing, electronic funds transfer, supply chain management, inventory management, systems, electronic data interchange, online transaction processing, and automatic data collection systems. E-commerce has led to the revolution of traditional marketing concepts, initiating strategies to enhance marketing strategies referred to as network marketing (Miletsky, 2000). This paper seeks to discuss and analyze four main E-commerce cyber marketing strategies: viral marketing, online advertising, permission electronic mail marketing, and search engine man agement and optimization. The paper also provides an analysis of their pros and cons, as well as a comprehensive comparison of the strategies. Lastly, the paper provides a decision-making criterion for selecting the best strategy. In marketing strategies, the most important factor to consider is to shorten the distance between consumption and production as well as reduce the lengthy circulation of commodities through numerous links. As such, the internet provides an ideal marketing platform, allowing consumers and producers to conclude their transaction in a click of a mouse button. This is the foundation of cyber marketing. Essentially, marketing is the communication between firms and customers with the intention of persuading the customer to purchase the goods and services of the firm. The increasing growth and popularity of the internet makes it an ideal target for marketing, supported by other significant factors such as cost effectiveness, reliability, speed, and accessibility (Bhusry, 2005). Consequently, marketers have come up with innovative strategies to tap the potential opportunity of E-commerce cyber marketing, including viral marketing, online advertising, permission electronic mail marketing, and search engine optimization. Viral Marketing Viral marketing essentially refers to the online word-of-mouth advertising. In this marketing concept, the firm provides something interesting that encourages others to spread marketing information about the product or service, cost effectively and quickly without much effort from the firm. Consequently, this potentially creates an exponential growth in the effect and visibility of the marketing message (Bhusry, 2005). In other words, the message spreads like a common cold virus form one person to the other. Cyber virus marketing is a very effective marketing strategy, and a successful campaign may present an opportunity of obtaining thousands of new every year. A prime example of a phenomenon viral marketing s trategy is Hotmail (http://www.hotmail.com), the first provider of free E-mail services (Krishnamurthy, 2006). The firm began offering free accounts, attaching a

Black studies about slavery Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Black studies about slavery - Essay Example This paper gives a brief reaction to the video about Frederick Douglass, new things learnt from the video and the times he lived in, critically rating the video as a device for learning about Douglass and his times. Though the video paints a gloomy picture of what transpired from the pre-colonial Africa to the post-colonial Africa concerning slavery and slave trade, it is clear that some heroes such as Frederick Douglass spend a better part of their lifetime and great efforts in refining the American dream. One can deduce from the brief biography of Frederick Douglass that while the slave trade could not be prevented especially due to the large number of nations involved, it was possible to tame slavery more so that which consisted of torture and other inhumane acts. Frederick Douglass came out as a strong social reformer, who championed for the rights of the African Americans, his slavery status notwithstanding. This was especially so because despite being a diplomat, he was also a great orator and writer. This means that one had to be courageous enough to present a tough stance to the authorities and all the parties involves without giving it a second thought, at least according to the video. Perhaps another important point worth noting from the video is that while Frederick Douglass fought slavery through his antislavery writing and through the political front, it became apparent even to the whites that slavery was causing more polarization as opposed to driving the nation towards achieving the American dream. Although the video does not explicitly reveal how Frederick Douglass escaped from slavery, it is particularly clear that his strong stance for women’s rights gave him an edge in fighting slavery especially when more people from diverse backgrounds started believing in his ideology. Certainly, the nineteenth century was the most traumatic period for the African Americans especially those that were subjected to hard labour. From the video about

Pedestrian and bicycle facilities Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Pedestrian and bicycle facilities - Essay Example Both regional and local authorities have the responsibility of planning, and implementi8ng cycling policies. National level commitment is essential for putting right the legal, regulatory, and financial framework that lead to successful implementation of cycling initiatives. This is the city in the region with a well advanced form of League of American Bicyclists Bicycle Friendly Community where bicycling is an important means of transport and recreational activity. According to the 2007-2011 American Community Survey, 4% of Newark households engage in bicycling for recreation (Delaware Statewide Comprehensive Outdoor Recreation Plan Survey). It is a normal phenomenon that all cyclists at one time have felt to be invisible to motorists. Bike Delaware has provided the â€Å"intentional blindness† that addresses this phenomenon. Another issue of safety is the question as to why cyclists’ and pedestrians’ safety is termed as invisible to traffic engineers. Most traffic engineers pay close attention to road safety and traffic congestion. Despite this safety, little is realized on the ped/bike safety projects. The federal program called the Highway Safety Improvement Program (HSIP) is responsible for funding Road Safety in Delaware. According to the data collected from the research, Delaware has spent more than $8 million HSIP dollars every year on road safety improvement projects but none focused on reducing pedestrian or cyclist fatalities. As a result, motor vehicle occupant fatalities have reduced while pedestrians’ fatalities have not. Cycling around Delaware University and Newark area is a favored means of transport to students, staff, faculty, and locals living in the area. Cyclists are assisted by the Newark Traffic Relief Committee (NTRC) that has prepared a Newark City Bicycle Map. The map shows cycling and pedestrian routes in the city and provides

Scarcity and how it Applies to Micro-Economic Decision Making Essay

Scarcity and how it Applies to Micro-Economic Decision Making - Essay Example It is a fact that if anything is scarce it will definitely have a higher market value compared to those goods and services which are relatively widely available. (Riley 2006)i Scarcity essentially raises the question of which alternative to choose and which is better in which condition. These various choices have to be made on a daily basis by all consumers, firms and governments. (Steven 2011)iiA simple example is how the millions of people in New York City get to work. This choice of which mode of travel to take in order to get to their required destination in the least and most cost-effective amount of time is what troubles everyone. These small decisions are taken on an extensive scale on a daily basis and for most of the individuals this is more of a habitual routine than a choice but still at the first instance they had to figure out which mode is the best for them. This concept is followed by the most important concept in microeconomics, Opportunity Cost. Opportunity Cost meas ures the cost of any choice in terms of the next best alternative forgone. This can apply to individuals, firms and governments. For an individual whether to work extra hours or give more time to family for leisure is a choice that has to be made on a regular basis. For a government, it has to decide whether to allocate its limited budget to military or education or health. For a firm, it has to decide which machinery to use to produce the most output in the least amount of time maintaining quality. All this is not only a decision that is made without conscious thinking, it requires a lot of conscious effort from the individual’s part to investigate which option is best for him. This involves a rational Cost-Benefit Analysis. A Cost-Benefit Analysis is the process whereby individuals decide whether the advantages of a particular option are likely to outweigh its drawbacks. This is highly specific as all the known information for the available alternatives has to be taken into account and after comparing it with each other it has to be decided upon which alternative is giving the most benefit after accounting for its drawbacks (net benefit). On a micro-level thousands of millions of decisions take place to counter this problem of scarcity. A firm has to constantly perform assessment whether to hire new workers or request their existing workers to give extra hours in order to produce the excess demand. A separate department usually exists in MNC’s which has the responsibility to undertake extensive in-depth research in major financial decisions. For example, acquiring of new capital costing millions of dollars $ might be a better option than upgrading existing capital equipment. Although the initial cost will be high but the long term benefit of the first choice will outweigh the benefit of the second option. In Africa, governments have to constantly engage in a battle against poverty, healthcare and education. The question which is more important is debatable. Which sector should be given more preference depends on the positive impact it will have on the community and society on the whole. It can also mean that in a battle to provide everyone clean water and food, government might not reach its set goal for education. (CBC 2011)iii Nevertheless, it has to be viewed in such a perspective that if people are not provided the basic

Concept Comparison and Analysis Across Theories Term Paper

Concept Comparison and Analysis Across Theories - Term Paper Example Nursing theories contribute an important part of the profession and according to Mary and Patricia (2008), nursing knowledge includes theories, philosophies, research and practice wisdom of the discipline. In the nursing profession, acquisition of this knowledge is essential for guiding practice (CN, 2011). Nursing theory is a group of concepts, relationships, definitions and assumptions or propositions resulting from nursing models or other disciplines. The theory illustrates an intended and systematic view of phenomena through formulating particular interrelationships among the concepts, with objectives of describing, explaining, predicting and prescribing (Cowling, 2007). In this respect, knowledge structure in the nursing profession is studied in different headings, including nursing philosophies, conceptual models and grand theories, metaparadigm, nursing theories in addition to middle range theories and nursing theories. According to Fawcett (2000), conceptual model is a representation of the way of judgment about a particular problem or a method of representing the complexity of functionality of a particular aspect. One main defining characteristic of conceptual models is that they are not usually based on a particular nursing theory. In this regard, the models are usually based on various theories, which enhance comprehension of a particular nursing problem in a different setting or context.... Florence Nightingale’s environmental theory emphasizes on the role of environment in promoting cure and health to a person. According to environmental theory, the role of nursing is to provide fresh air, cleanliness or hygiene, warmth, appropriate diet and a silent environment to facilitate curative process of patient (Barrit, 1973). In reference to the theory, Nightingale considers a person in the nursing context as a patient served by a nurse and affected by environment and as an individual possessing reparative abilities (Fawcett, 2000). To promote health, the environmental theory recommends provision of necessary physical, psychological and social support to the patients. In this respect, environment forms the basic component of the theory. The theory consists of all environmental aspects including social, psychological, physical and all other external conditions that influence a person’s health. To ensure the maintenance of health, the environmental theory holds th at the healing powers within a person should be utilized to their maximum (Mary and Patricia 2008). This is achieved by deliberately controlling the physical, psychological, and social needs to prevent the occurrence of disease. In this respect, Florence Nightingale attributed the emergence of disease to nature, argued that ill health is reparative, preventable, and managed by controlling the relevant external and internal factors surrounding the patient (Florence Nightingale Museum). Therefore, according to the environmental theory, the focus of nursing professionals is management of the patient’s health and disease, whereby they should help the affected individuals regain health by providing a favorable environment. Faye Abdella’s topology of twenty-one

Homeostasis and Pain Management in Patient with Multisystem Failure Essay

Homeostasis and Pain Management in Patient with Multisystem Failure - Essay Example Consequently, obtaining the blood pressure, respiration rate, pulse rate and temperature will reveal the vital symptoms of whatever ailments that the patient is suffering from. Determining the oxygenation of Mrs. Baker is extremely essential; this can be executed by the use of the pulse oximeter. Place the pulse oximeter on the index finger and observe the patient’s skin color, the beds of the finger nails, and also the skin around the lips (Poitout, 2004). The time intervals for capillary refills should be noted while also assessing the beds of the fingernails. Current level of consciousness should be determined by assessing the reactivity of pupils, orientation to person, time and place; ask the patient questions to estabish the state of the mind. Symptoms and signs of dehydration together with skin turgor, decreased blood pressure, lethargy, sunken eyes, confusion, dizziness, and dry mucous membranes must be investigated (Poitout, 2004). The pain levels of the patient can b e assessed successfully when the patient is in a conscious state and when he/she can still speak; for instance, the pain of the patient can be rated on a scale of 1 to 10. ... Furthermore, there is a standard standing order for intravenous medication in such situations, in this regard it important and a must to start an IV. The lab personnel must be ordered to be drawn off of the IV. Technological tools used, why they are used, and importance of the tools in determining the patient’s status Tools and technology to be used in the diagnosis include, pulse oximeter, stethoscope, glucose meter, Sphygmomanometer, Laryngoscopes, Stylets, and tracheal tubes The pulse oximeter is a medical device essential for measuring or monitoring indirectly the patient’s blood oxygen saturation, and blood volume changes in the skin. The pulse oximeter is also useful as it displays the patient’s pulse rate (Niles, 2010). The pulse oximeter is a vital tool especially in the event where patient’s oxygenation is unstable or compromised like in the intensive care unit, operating, emergency and in ward settings. As already mentioned, the tool helps in ass essing the patient’s need for oxygen and determining if there is any need for supplemental oxygen (Niles, 2010). The oxygenation levels of Mrs. Baker will be evaluated and recorded by the pulse oximeter. A stethoscope is an acoustic device used in hospitals for listening to sounds produced from within a human body or animal (Niles, 2010). In this regard, the instrument is indispensable in listening to sounds produced by lungs, heart, intestines together with blood flow in the veins and arteries. In this case scenario, the stethoscope will be used to determine the heartbeat rate, and the pulse rate of Mrs. Baker. The sphygmomanometer is vital in measuring the blood pressure by